Bones of the Face External landmark Bones of
Bones of the Face • External (landmark) Bones of the Face – – – Incisive (2) Lacrimal (2) Mandible (1 or 2) Maxillary (2) Nasal (2) Zygomatic (2) • Internal (hidden) Bones of the Face – – Palantine (2) Pterygoid (2) Turbinates (4) Vomer (1)
External Bones of the Face • Incisive: – Also called pre_____ bones – Most ______ skull bones – In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. (Ruminants have a dental pad instead) • Nasal: – Forms the _____ of the nose. – Length depends on the animal.
External Bones of the Face • Maxillary – Form the ____ jaw with incisive bone – House all teeth besides incisors – Forms rostral part of ____ palate – contains maxillary sinus • Lacrimal – Two bones that form medial portion of the ____ of the eye. – Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.
External Bones of the Face • Zygomatic – aka malar bones – form portion of orbit – join with temporal bone to form zygomatic ______ • Mandible – – – lower jaw houses all lower teeth only _____ skull bone forms TMJ with temporal bone 2 bones come together at mandibular ________ • fused into one bone in horses and swine – 2 parts: ramus and shaft • Ramus = caudal, vertical part • Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal part
Internal Bones of the Face • __________ Bones: – Make up caudal part of _____ palate • __________ Bones: – Support part of the lateral walls of the ____ (throat). • __________Bone: – Forms part of nasal septum (midline wall between left and right nasal passages). • ___________: – Also called nasal conchae.
Hyoid Bone • Also called hyoid _______ • Supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing. • Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.
• Vertebrae that extend from skull to tip of tail. • Divided into 5 sections: – – – Cervical (neck, C) Thoracic (chest, T) Lumbar (abdomen, L) Sacral (pelvis, S) Coccygeal (tail, Cy) • Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation. Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)
• Body – The main, ventral portion of the bone. – Separated from other vertebrae by intervertebral ____ of _____ cartilage. • Arch – dorsal to body – helps to make up ________ which allows passage of the spinal cord. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS • Transverse Processes – Two processes that project laterally – Site of muscle attachment. • Articular Processes – On cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae, form intervertebral joint • Spinous Processes – Single and projects dorsally
Cervical Vertebrae • Neck region • ______ vertebrae in all domestic animals • _____ is C 1 – Holds up head. – Has ____ that can be palpated – Has no vertebral body, just is a ring which spinal cord passes through. • ____ is C 2 – Has large blade-like spinous process and a ______ that fits into atlas
Thoracic Vertebrae • Chest region • Have tall _____ processes. • Number of vertebrae = number pairs of _______ • Have articular facets which communicate with the ribs. Lumbar Vertebrae • Dorsal to abdominal region. • Most massive-looking bones in spinal column. • Bodies are large and bulky • Prominent cranial-directed ______ processes
Sacral Vertebrae • 3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure. • Called the _____. • Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint. Coccygeal Vertebrae Bones of the tail. Cranial vertebrae have arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone In humans fuse into coccyx.
• Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax. • Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae. • Dorsal ends form moveable joints which is allows lungs to expand. • Term for rib is ______. • ______ ribs aka “true ribs” attach to sternum • ______ ribs aka “false ribs”make up caudal part of thorax. • Unattached ribs are called ______ ribs. Ribs
Breastbone Made up of sternebrae. Most cranial sternebrae is _________ Most caudal sternebrae is called _______ process. STERNUM
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