Bones Connective Tissue WHAT IS A BONE Main

Bones, & Connective Tissue

WHAT IS A BONE ? ? • - Main components: • (niams. nih. gov – what is bone) • - Collagen • - A protein that is woven into a flexible framework • - Calcium Phosphate • - Adds Hardness & Strength • - Marrow • - Produces white & red blood cells, & platelets. • - Why do we need this? • - (WBC) Fight infection, (RBC) Carry oxygen, help your body form clots.

MAKE UP OF A BONE:

MAKE UP OF YOUR BONES - Cortical - Dense and compact (Pg. 116 in text book) - Trabecular – (Inner layers) Has a spongy honeycomb like structure. Long Bones: Arms & Legs (Made up of 3 parts) - Diaphysis - Shaft of long part of your bone - Distal Epiphysis - Enlarged terminal part of the bone, farthest from the center of the body, and articulating with neighboring bones. - Proximal Epiphysis - Enlarged terminal part of the bone, nearest the center of the body, articulating with neighboring bones.

GROWTH PLATES - Epiphyseal Plate – - A. K. A. growth plate. - A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. - In simple words – - Each long bone has at least two growth plates (one at each end). This is where the long bones grow. When young people finish growing, the growth plates close and are replaced by solid bone.

GROWTH PLATE INJURIES - Growth plate injuries occur mainly at the wrist, bones of the legs, or in the ankle, foot, or hip bones prior to a persons final growth spurt (16 – 21) - Most growth plate fractures get better and do not cause any lasting problems. - Occasionally, the bone stops growing and ends up shorter than the other limb. For example, a fractured leg might end up shorter than the other leg. Or, if only part of the growth plate is injured, the limb can become crooked when only part of the bone keeps growing.

SKELETAL STRUCTURE http: //www. livescience. com Search: Skeletal Structure 206 bone in the human body. Purpose of your skeleton: To support your body and protect your body and your internal organs.

IDENTIFY THE BONES OF THE BODY Hand out Packet

What is Cartilage: Soft and flexible tissue, sometimes acting as padding between bones. http: //study. com/academy/lesson/what-is-cartilage-function-definitiontypes. html

CARTILAGE: WHAT IS IS? What role does it play in our body? - Provides support and structure while providing a bit of flexibility. - The in-between of bone and muscle. - Ex: Joints, Ears, Nose, and In-between the vertebrae in our spinal column. What is it made of? - Living cells within an extracellular (outside the cell) Matrix. What determines our cartilages flexibility? - Chondrocytes (in lacunea) - Determine how bendy your cartilage is. - The more chondrocyte = The more flexible

CARTILAGE: 3 TYPES? Elastic Cartilage - Lots of Chondrocytes. - Found in your ear. Hyaline Cartilage - Not quite as flexible – Less chondrocytes. - Found in your nose and at the end of your ribs. Fibrocartilage - Consists of a dense matrix of white collagenous fibers and very few Chondrocytes. - Of the three kinds of cartilage in the body, fibrocartilage has the greatest tensile strength. - Found in disks between the vertebrae.

WHAT IS IT? Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage

JOINTS • Pivot Joint – Movement limited around a central axis. • - Between vertebrae in your neck. • Ball & Socket Joint – Many muscles are needed to support because these are the most mobile of joints. • - Shoulder & Hips. • Hinge Joint – Back and forth movement, Convex service of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. • - Ankle, Elbow, Knee.

WHAT IS WHAT ? Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Ball and Socket Joint

SKELETAL SYSTEM QUIZ

PROJECT 1 – JOINT CREATION • Directions: - Find or make an object that functions like one of the three joints we just discussed. - Choose a body part that it relates to and create it. - Create a Word or slide show summery that discusses the following: - First Slide/page: System, name, grade, & class (Period/ Day 1 or 2) - The function this Joint has to the body (How it operates/ what it does). - What bones are involved in making it functional (label your model). - When it is used. (sport/ types of movements) - And how it is venerable to injury. - Print out and turn into teacher.

COMMON PROBLEMS FOR BONES & JOINTS • Osteoporosis - Bone density diminishes • Osteomyelitis – Bacterial infection of bones and its marrow. • Osteoarthritis – Arthritis caused by aging; joints become stiff and painful. • Arthritis – Joint inflammation. • Ricketts – Body is unable to absorb calcium. This causes bones to soften due to a lack of Vitamin C. • Scoliosis- Uneven curvature of the spine cause by growing • Fracture – A break in the bone. • Sprain – Injury to the ligaments at a joint. • Dislocation – A separation of two bone where they meet.

IMMOBILIZATI ON In this activity we are going to practice the proper way to splint or immobilize areas of the body that are common for injuries. The areas we will be focusing on will be the Knee, the Ankle, and the (Elbow, Arm, and Shoulder)

STATIONS Elbow, Arm, & Shoulder Use an appropriate sized piece of cloth to immobilize the entire are in a confortable fixated position by: - Creating a triangle - Put between injured arm and stomach with point at the elbow of the injured arm. - Drape the piece of cloth that is against the chest over the opposite shoulder and around the neck. - Drape opposite end around the close side of the neck and connect. - Roll together or pin/tape corner near the elbow to create a cradle. - Wrap another cloth around the uninjured part of the arm and torso to fixate the arm.

STATIONS Knee & Leg: Use cardboard to efficiently splint and immobilize the injured area by: - Bending it so it fits around the injures body part. - Placing a object under the knee and ankle that will help keep the injures area in a comfortable position. - Use ace bandage or cloth to wrap around the leg and cardboard in a way that will hold it in place.

STATIONS Ankle: Use cardboard or a stiff rectangular object to efficiently splint and immobilize the injured area by: - First raping the injured area in a comfortable position. - Placing fixation objects on both sides or in a way that holds the ankle in place. - Wrapping the objects in place to immobilize the injured area.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

OVERVIEW - How many muscles are in the human body? - There are 640 muscles in the human body. - What is a muscle? - A tissue that is made of cells or fibers that contracts and expands. http: //www. innerbody. com/image_musc 10/musc 36. html

TYPES OF MUSCLES • - There are 3 types of muscles. • - Smooth Muscles: • - Makes up your internal organs (stomach & Intestines) • - Cardiac Muscles: • - Muscles found in the heart. • - Skeletal Muscles: • - Muscle that is attached to the bone by tendons. •

SMOOTH MUSCLES Smooth Muscle Makes up many of you body internal organs such as: Walls of the stomach, Intestines, Walls of blood vessels, Iris of the eye, Veins, Bladder, Small arteries, Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, and more…

CARDIAC MUSCLE • - Tissue that makes up a layer of the heart and works to control the pumping. Cardiac muscle cells

SKELETAL MUSCLE Upper Body Skeletal Muscles (Front): - Deltoid – (3 parts), Front, side, & rear of shoulder. - Pectorals – Cover the front/ top of the rib cage. - Bicep – (2 parts) working together as a single muscle on the front of the upper arm. - Abdominals –provide postural support & protect internal organs.

SKELETAL MUSCLE • Upper Body Skeletal Muscles (Back): • - Trapezius – Triangular muscles that lay over the back of the neck and shoulders. • - Rhomboids – Found on the upper torso of the back. • - Triceps – Muscle on the back of the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. • - Latissimus – Thin triangular muscles under arm pits along side of

SKELETAL MUSCLE • Lower Body Skeletal Muscles: • - Gluteals – Connected to the tails bone. One of the strongest muscles in the human body. • - Hamstring – (3 muscles) Found on the back of the upper leg. • - Calf (Gastrocnemius)– Runs from the Achilles tending attaching through two heads at the femur. • - Quadriceps – A large 4 headed muscle on the front of the thigh.

IDENTIFY THE MUSCLES QUIZ

HOW OUR MUSCLES WORK - Muscles work together: - - Movement of a body part is the result of muscles pulling on the bones that form a joint. - - Muscles have two states: They can either contract or Extend Contract - When the muscle contracts the ends are pulled toward the center (it gets shorter). - This can only result in pulling a bone; not pushing. http: //www. kingofthegym. com/leg-anatomy/ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=10 T 2 Qdi. Icl. I

FLEXION AND EXTENSION • Flexion and extension refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts. • - Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. • - Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increases the angle between the ulna and the humerus.

FLEXION AND EXTENSION • - Flexion - A physical position that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint. It occurs when muscles contract and bones move the joint into a bent position. • - Extension - movement of a joint that increases the angle • between two bones or body surfaces at a joint. Extension • usually results in straightening of the bones or body surfaces • involved.

REVIEW FLEXION AND EXTENSION

IN CLASS ASSIGNMENT: APPLY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS • - In your notebook write about a sport movement you have preformed. Write out a list of the steps involved with the movement and break down all the flexion and extension that is going on in the order it is happening (as you see it). • - What muscles are important to be strong for this motion. How do they help you preform this motion. • - Print out a copy of this for the teacher and bring with you to the following class. • - Include at top of page: Name, Grade, Period, & Day 1 or 2.

WHAT MUSCLE ? (GROUP TRIVIA) - Powerful extensors of the knee joint. They are crucial in walking, running, jumping and squatting - Quadriceps - Helps control the motion of two different joints, the shoulder and the elbow. - Bicep - Moves the scapulae and support the arm. - Trapezius - Extensor muscle of the elbow joint and also fixate the elbow joint when the forearm and hand are used for fine movements, e. g. , when writing. - Triceps

WHAT MUSCLE? - Extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent. - Hamstring - Flexes and extends the foot, ankle, and knee. Important when standing and walking. - Calf (Gastrocnemius) - Help to control the movement of the arms while also assisting in deep breathing. - Pectoral Muscle - Moves and stabilizes the shoulder joint - Deltoid - Responsible for movement of the hip, thigh, and leg. - Gluteal

PROJECT 3 – KINESIOLOGY BREAKDOWN • - Choose one of the videos on my website (or make/ pick one of your own and have it approved). You will then break down the action of two muscles (one upper/ one lower) and their role as you go through the movement. • Include the following: • - Name, Grade, Class (Period/ Day 1 or 2) • - A typed explanation of… • - What is the movement. • - A step by step list of all the muscles involved and how they are involved. • - A breakdown of what is going on in your two muscles.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Ligaments • - Tissue that connects two bones. Helps control and maintain the movement of our joints. • http: //study. com/academy/lesson/what-are-ligaments-definition-typesquiz. html Tendons - Connects muscle to bone. - Tendons help to hold our bodies together and deliver the strength we work so hard to improve. Big strong muscles and weak tendons are like cereal with no milk!

LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE • - What it s Ligament? • - Connects bone to bone.

LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE • - Why is the knee and thigh area so susceptible to injury? • - Because of the size, impotence, and amount of use we get out of the muscles around the knee. • - Everything is coming together in one place around our largest muscles and bones making it the site for many injuries.

COMMON PROBLEMS - Muscle Cramp – Sudden and unusual painful contraction of the muscle, usually happening at night or after the exercise. (Dehydration) - Strain – Overstretching and possible tearing of the muscle due to overuse or misuse. - Tendinitis – Inflammation of a muscle cause by aging or excessive oversize. - Shin Splints – pain in the shin caused by damage or irritation to the muscles on the front of the lower leg.

COMMON PROBLEMS • - Quadriceps Strain – Caused by overuse or putting a heavy load on the muscle without a proper warm up. Ex: Springing without warming up. • - Hamstring Pull – Happens when your muscles are stretched too far. Can range from Grade 1 (a minor muscle pull) to grade 3 (a tear, more serious and taking much more time to recover). • - Tennis Elbow - Condition brought on by the overuse of arm, forearm and hand muscles. It refers to an injury of the muscle and tendon area around the outside of the elbow.

COMMON PROBLEMS: ACL • - ACL Strain or Tear – Usually happens when a person or athlete is trying to decelerate, like stopping on the dime or cut in another direction, but can also be caused by hyper extension or pivoting in place. • - If your muscles are not prepared for the sport you are participating in the higher at risk you are for any of these injuries to happen. The stronger you are, the less likely you are.

SPRAINS • First degree (mildest) – • Little tearing, pain or swelling; joint stability is good. • Second degree – • Broadest range of damage, with moderate instability and moderate to severe pain and swelling. • Third degree (most severe) – • Ligament is completely ruptured; joint is unstable; severe pain and swelling; other tissues are often damaged.

STRAIN VS. SPRAIN • Strain is the stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon. Tendon – Attaches muscle to bone • Sprain is the stretching or tearing of a ligament. Ligament – Connects tow bones or cartilages, or holds together a joint. • http: //www. mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/sprains-andstrains/basics/definition/con-20020958

PROJECT 2 - CREATE A STUDY GAME -Using the information covered in the in our Muscular System/ Injury unit create a interactive game to be played by the class. - - On the top of the first slide or page of instructions include: - Name, grade, & class (Period/ Day 1 or 2) - You must use animation and sound effect. The format of the game is up to you. - You may come up with your own game or use a template from the following web link. • http: //powerpointgames. wikispaces. com/Power. Point+Game+Templates - Google: Power. Point Game Templates

INJURY PREVENTION • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LYZ 2 vcm. JUTU • 4 Steps to a good Warm up. • - General Warm-up – Should consist of light physical activity. Elevating heart and respirator rate and increasing blood flow. • - Static Stretching – Now that the muscles are warm it is safe to stretch the major groups increasing our bodies flexibility. • - Sport Specific Warm-up – Sport specific warm- up. Can involve more vagarious activity but should focus on the essential demands of the athletes sport. • - Dynamic Stretching – Can cause injury is used incorrectly. Here there should be a soft balance or swinging motion of the muscles.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE, INJURY, & INJURY PREVENTION

CONNECTIVE TISSUE, INJURY, & INJURY PREVENTION QUIZ