Bones Chapter 8 Whole skeleton and bones associated
Bones
Chapter 8 Whole skeleton and bones associated with the Skull 8 -2 Copyright (c) The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Unit 3 Bones (chapters 8 ) In Chapter 8 you will learn: 1. Bones of the Adult Skeletal System a. Skull bones slides 1 -20 b. Vertebral and Thoracic Bones c. Bones of the Pectoral and Upper Limb d. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 2. Surface Features of Bones 7 -3
The Skeletal System Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parietal bone Frontal bone • overview of the skeleton Skull • the vertebral column and thoracic cage Mandible Pectoral girdle • the skull Maxilla Clavicle Scapula Sternum Thoracic cage Humerus Ribs Costal cartilages Vertebral column Pelvis Hip bone Sacrum Ulna Radius Coccyx Carpus Metacarpal bones • the pectoral girdle and upper limb Phalanges Femur Patella • the pelvic girdle and lower limb Fibula Tibia Metatarsal bones Tarsus Phalanges (a) Anterior view 8 -4 Figure 8. 1 a
Overview of the Skeleton • two regions of the skeleton • axial skeleton – forms the central supporting axis of the body • skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) • appendicular skeleton – includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle, and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle • number of bones • 206 in typical adult skeleton • varies with development of sesamoid bones (patella) • bones that form within some tendons in response to stress • varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull • extra bones that develop in skull suture lines • 270 bones at birth, decreases with fusion • surface markings defined in Table 8. 2 • ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces 8 -5
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parietal bone Frontal bone Skull Mandible Pectoral girdle • axial skeleton is colored tan Occipital bone Maxilla Clavicle Scapula • skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum and hyoid Sternum Humerus Thoracic Ribs cage Costal cartilages Vertebral column Pelvis Hip bone Sacrum • appendicular skeleton is colored green Ulna Radius Coccyx Carpus • • Metacarpal bones Phalanges Femur Patella pectoral girdle upper extremity pelvic girdle lower extremity Fibula Tibia Metatarsal bones Tarsus Figure 8. 1 Phalanges (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 8 -6
Anatomical Features of Bones Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lines Crest Sinuses Foramen Fovea Head Meatus Crest Trochanters Process Condyle Spine Head Tubercle Alveolus Foramen Tuberosity (a) Skull (lateral view) Line Process Fossae Spine Epicondyles Fossae Condyles (b) Scapula (posterior view) Figure 8. 2 (c) Femur 8 -7 (posterior view) (d) Humerus (anterior view)
The Skull • skull – the most complex part of the skeleton • 22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable joints) • 8 cranial bones surround cranial cavity which encloses the brain • other cavities – orbits, nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle-, and inner ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses • paranasal sinuses – frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary • lined by mucous membrane and air-filled • lighten the anterior portion of the skull • act as chambers that add resonance to the voice • foramina – holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels • 14 facial bones support teeth, facial and jaw muscles 8 -8
Major Skull Cavities Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Ethmoid air cells Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Orbit Superior Nasal conchae Middle Zygomatic bone Inferior Maxillary sinus Vomer Nasal cavity Mandible Oral cavity 8 -9 Figure 8. 7
Cranial Fossa Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8. 9 Frontal lobe Anterior cranial fossa Temporal lobe Middle cranial fossa Cerebellum Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa (a) Superior view (b) Lateral view • cranium (braincase) – protects the brain and associated sense organs • swelling of the brain inside the rigid cranium may force tissue through foramen magnum resulting in death • consists of two parts: the calvaria (skullcap) and the cranial base • base is divided into three basins that comprise the cranial floor • anterior cranial fossa holds the frontal lobe of the brain • middle cranial fossa holds the temporal lobes of the brain • posterior cranial fossa contains the cerebellum 8 -10
Frontal Bone • forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium • coronal suture – posterior boundary of frontal bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Glabella Coronal suture • supraorbital margin forms roof of the orbit • supraorbital foramen provides passage for nerve, artery, and vein Squamous suture Supraorbital foramen Parietal bone Supraorbital margin Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Vomer Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mandible • glabella – smooth area above root of the nose Mental protuberance Mental foramen Figure 8. 3 • contains frontal sinus 8 -11
Parietal Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone • form most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls Sphenoid bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8. 4 a Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior Frontal bone • bordered by 4 sutures • sagittal – between parietal bones • coronal – at anterior margin • lambdoid – at posterior margin • squamous – at lateral border Coronal suture • two temporal lines serve as attachment of the temporalis muscle Parietal bone Sagittal suture Sutural bone Parietal foramen Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Posterior Figure 8. 6 8 -12
Temporal Bone • lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity • squamous part Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture • encircled by squamous suture • zygomatic process • mandibular fossa Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8. 4 a • tympanic part • external auditory meatus • styloid process • mastoid part • mastoid process • mastoiditis from ear infection • mastoid notch • stylomastoid foramen • mastoid foramen 8 -13
Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone • petrous part • part of cranial floor Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Cribriform foramina Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Sella turcica Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Temporal bone Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for venous sinus Foramen magnum Occipital bone • separates middle from posterior cranial fossa • houses middle and inner ear cavities • receptors for hearing and sense of balance Hypoglossal canal (b) Superior view of cranial floor Figure 8. 5 b • internal auditory meatus - opening for CN VII (vestibulocochlear nerve) • carotid canal • jugular foramen 8 -14
Right Temporal Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Squamous suture Squamous part Mastoid part Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid notch Mastoid process Styloid process External acoustic meatus Tympanic part (a) Lateral surface Squamous suture Squamous part Petrous part Zygomatic process Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process (b) Medial surface 8 -15 Figure 8. 10
Occipital Bone • rear and base of skull Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • foramen magnum holds spinal cord • basilar part Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic bone Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Greater palatine foramen • skull rests on atlas at occipital condyles • hypoglossal canal transmits hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) supplying tongue muscles • condylar canal Posterior nasal aperture Medial pterygoid plate Lateral pterygoid plate Vomer Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Basilar part of occipital bone Carotid canal Styloid process External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Mastoid notch Temporal bone Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Occipital bone (a) Inferior view • external occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament • superior and inferior nuchal lines mark neck muscles Figure 8. 5 a 8 -16
Sphenoid Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lesser wing Dorsum sellae Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Body Foramen ovale Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate • body • greater wing Pterygoid processes (b) Posterior view Figure 8. 11 b Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform foramina Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Sella turcica • lesser wing • optic foramen • anterior clinoid processes Temporal bone Petrous part of temporal bone Parietal bone Foramen magnum Groove for venous sinus Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone (b) Superior view of cranial floor • superior orbital fissure Figure 8. 5 b 8 -17
Sphenoid Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Optic foramen Hypophyseal fossa Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen rotundum Sella turcica Anterior clinoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Dorsum sellae (a) Superior view Figure 8. 11 a Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform foramina Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Sella turcica Temporal bone Petrous part of temporal bone Parietal bone Foramen magnum Groove for venous sinus Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Figure 8. 5 b • foramen rotundum • foramen ovale • foramen lacerum • posterior nasal apertures or choanae • medial pterygoid plate • lateral pterygoid plate • sphenoid sinus (b) Superior view of cranial floor 8 -18
Sphenoid Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Incisive foramen Parietal bone Palatine process of maxilla Sphenoid sinus Squamous suture Frontal sinus Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic bone Crista galli Palatine bone Zygomatic arch Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Posterior nasal aperture Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Vomer Occipital bone Temporal bone Sella turcica Lambdoid suture Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Basilar part of occipital bone Carotid canal Maxilla (b) Median section Medial pterygoid plate Lateral pterygoid plate Vomer Nasal bone Styloid process Mandibular foramen Greater palatine foramen External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Stylomastoid foramen Palatine bone Mandible Mastoid process Mastoid notch Mental spines Temporal bone Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Figure 8. 4 b External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Figure 8. 5 a sphenoid sinus 8 -19
Ethmoid Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital foramen Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Floor of orbit between the eyes • contributes to medial wall of orbit • lateral walls and roof of nasal cavity, and nasal septum • three major portions of this porous, delicate bone • perpendicular plate forms superior two-thirds of nasal septum • cribriform plate – forms roof of nasal cavity – crista galli – attachment point for meninges – cribriform (olfactory) foramina • labyrinth – large mass on each side of perpendicular plate – ethmoid cells in the make up ethmoid sinuses – orbital plate Orbital plate of frontal bone Optic foramen Medial wall • Lacrimal bone Lateral wall of orbit Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Superior orbital fissure Frontal process of maxilla Orbital process of palatine bone Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Orbital surface of maxilla Figure 8. 14 Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina Orbital plate Ethmoidal cells Perpendicular plate Figure 8. 12 Crista galli Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha 8 -20
Ethmoid Bone Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sphenoid sinus Cribriform foramina Squamous suture Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica Crista galli Nasal conchae: Occipital bone Temporal bone Sella turcica Lambdoid suture Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Frontal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Superior Perpendicular plate Sphenoid sinus of ethmoid bone Inferior Nasal bone Middle Nasal cartilages Occipital bone Vomer Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Mandibular foramen Maxilla Palatine bone Mandible Mental spines (b) Median section Sphenoid bone Anterior nasal spine Palatine bone Incisive foramen Lacrimal bone Lip Maxilla Incisor Figure 8. 4 b Figure 8. 13 superior and middle concha perpendicular plate of nasal septum 8 -21
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