Bones and Joints In this presentation you will

Bones and Joints In this presentation you will: n identify major bones of the body n identify the structure and composition of bone n identify different joint types

Bones and Joints The human skeleton is made up of bone and cartilage. These tissues make up what is known as an endoskeleton: that is a skeleton that grows inside the body. It grows steadily with the body and adapts to the requirements of the body at different stages of life. In this presentation you will discover the basic functions of your skeleton. You will see the structure of the different bones and joints that make up your skeleton. Next >

Bones and Joints The Skeleton Your skeleton has four basic functions. Protection: It provides protection to the soft organs of the body. Support: It works with the muscles to provide support so the body can maintain its shape. Movement: It works with the muscles to provide movement. Blood: The bone marrow of certain bones produces blood cells. Next >

Bones and Joints The Skeleton Humans have endoskeletons. This means that the skeleton is located inside the body. A mature human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. It is divided into the: • Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton Next >

Bones and Joints Types of Bones The bones that make up the skeleton are varied. There are 4 groups. Long bones: These are longer than they are thick. Short bones: These are small and allow large freedom of movement. Flat bones: These have a large surface area for muscle attachment. Irregular bones: These have complex shapes and specialized functions. Next >

Bones and Joints Bones of the Skeleton Parts of the skeleton are divided into sections. Skull Vertebral column Cranium Clavicle Mandible Scapula Vertebra Sternum Ribs Rib cage Sacrum Coccyx Leg Pectoral girdle Humerus Femur Radius Ulna Patella Hand Arm Tibia Fibula Hip bone Pelvic girdle Pubis Foot Next >

Bones and Joints Question 1 What long bone is shown in the picture? A) Femur B) Vertebrae C) Clavicle D) Sternum

Bones and Joints Question 2 The radius and ulna are bones of the. . . A) leg B) rib cage C) arm D) pelvis

Bones and Joints Question 3 "This picture shows the axial skeleton highlighted in red. " Is this statement true or false? Answer True or False.

Bones and Joints Bone Structure Bone has two forms: • Dense and heavy compact bone. • Light spongy bone. Together these help to make bone light and strong. Spongy bone and the spaces inside some bones are filled with bone marrow. Yellow marrow stores fat. Spongy bone Bone marrow Compact bone Red marrow makes blood cells. Bone marrow is found in the spine, sternum, collar bone, skull, humerus, and femur. A cross section of the upper section of a femur Next >

Bones and Joints Compact Bone Osteon Compact bone is denser than spongy bone. It is made up of tiny cylinders called osteons. Each osteon consists of tubes of bone matrix that are arranged in layers, one inside the next. At the center of the osteon is the haversian canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. Osteons give compact bone the strength to resist being twisted and stretched. Spongy bone Compact bone Nerve Blood vessel Haversian canal Next >

Bones and Joints Spongy Bone Spongy bone combines lightness and strength. Spaces It has tiny spaces and narrow supporting branches that are called trabeculae. Trabeculae make spongy bone light. They are arranged to provide maximum resistance to pressure and stress. A cross section of the head of a femur Next >

Bones and Joints Bone Matrix Bone contains cells that live in the matrix. These cells work together to keep the bone healthy. Bone cell Bone matrix is what gives bone its color. It has two main ingredients. Calcium phosphate: A mineral salt that makes bone hard. Collagen: A protein that gives bone flexibility and strength to resist stretching and twisting. Next >

Bones and Joints Osteocytes keep bone in good condition and live isolated inside spaces in the bone called lacunae. Canaliculi Osteocytes can communicate with each other via threads in the bone matrix called canaliculi. There are two other types of bone cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts live in the bone. They build bone by secreting new matrix. Lacuna Bone matrix Osteoclasts are made in the bone marrow and remove old bone matrix. Next >

Bones and Joints Osteoclasts and Bone Strength Osteoclasts absorb bone matrix and this activity enables bones to adapt to meet the stresses and strains they are subjected to. Spongy bone formation in the lines of load bearing When bones are put under stress piezoelectric currents run through them. These currents stimulate the formation of bone tissue in the lines of load bearing. This means that bone tissue is formed where it is needed and absorbed where it is not. A cross section of the head section of a femur Next >

Bones and Joints Question 4 This picture shows a cross section of the upper section of a femur. Which label represents the spongy bone? 1 Enter your answer and press Send. 2 3

Bones and Joints Question 5 This picture shows the upper section of a femur. Which label represents the compact bone? 1 Enter your answer and press Send. 2 3

Bones and Joints Question 6 "Trabeculae are present in spongy bone. " Is this statement true or false? Answer True or False.

Bones and Joints The points where bones meet are called joints. Joints can allow bones to move. The following types allow different degrees of movement: No movement Movement Least • • Fixed: Skull and pelvis Sliding: Wrist and ankle • Hinge: Elbow, finger, knee and toe • Swivel: Neck • Saddle: Thumb • Ball and Socket: Shoulder and hip Most Next >

Bones and Joints Synovial Joints Most joints are synovial joints. Here is the elbow joint. Humerus Ligament Fat Synovial joints contain cartilage and synovial fluid that allows the bones to move easily. All synovial joints have the same basic structure, but differ in shape. Synovial Fluid Synovial membrane Cartilage Ulna Next >

Bones and Joints Joint Structure To enable controlled movement of joints, muscles need to be attached to the bones. Femur Muscle Here is a model of a knee joint. Patella Ligaments hold the bones in position. Tendons on either side of the joint attach muscles to the bone. Tendon Ligament This arrangement supports the skeleton and provides attachment for muscles, making movement easy and pain free. Fibula Tibia Next >

Bones and Joints Question 7 Which picture represents a sliding joint? A) B) C) D)

Bones and Joints Question 8 Where on the body is a ball and socket joint found? A) Shoulder B) Ankle C) Thumb D) Elbow

Bones and Joints Question 9 Which picture represents a saddle joint? A) B) C) D)

Bones and Joints Summary After completing this presentation you should be able to: n identify major bones of the body n identify the structure and composition of bone n identify different joint types End >