Body systems Overview Skeletal System Connecting tissues Adults

Body systems Overview

Skeletal System Connecting tissues: Adults have 206 bones. Bones need calcium and exercise to keep healthy. Joints- places where one bone meets another. functions of this system are to: Cartilage- tissue that covers end of bones and supports ears and nose. Ligaments- tissue that connects bone to bone. Protect internal organs and support your body. Produce red and white blood cells inside the bones (bone marrow). EXAMPLE: MCL, LCL Tendon- tissue that connects muscle to bone. EXAMPLE: Achilles

Function: All movements Pump blood throughout body Move food through digestive system Control movement of air in and out of your lungs 3 Types of Muscle Muscular System Smooth- concerned with movements of internal organs Involuntary= Skeletal- striped, or striated muscles attached to bones that cause body movements Voluntary= work without conscious control under conscious control Cardiac- special type of striated tissue that forms the walls of the heart. Heart body. is the most important muscle in the

Contraction = the shortening of a muscle Extension = the stretching of a muscle

Nervous System Network of nerve cells and fibers Function Neurons Specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses 3 types Transmit nerve impulses From brain to remainder of body Sends messages electrically Stores information and coordinates all activities, from breathing or digesting food to sensing pain and feeling fear. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar

Nervous System 3 Main parts of the brain Cerebrum – intelligence, thinking, personality, etc. (largest part) Cerebellum – balance and coordination, etc. (second largest) Brainstem – motor control Brain is the most important organ for the nervous system

Brain structure

Circulatory System Function Transport materials from one place to another through blood vessels Hormones, nutrients, waste, germ fighters Blood is pumped from the heart to the body cells and back Refuels with oxygen in the lungs

Circulatory System- Heart Structure Heart has 4 chambers and is connected to: Arteries Away from heart Veins Back to heart Branches decrease in size Capillaries Connect arteries and veins

Circulatory System- Blood Structure Blood Plasma 92% water Red blood Carries White blood Destroy oxygen disease Platelets Blood clot

Respiratory system Function Main parts: Picks up oxygen from the air while we inhale and releases carbon dioxide into the air when we exhale Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Diseases From smoking Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema

Structure of the Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of a network of endocrine glands located throughout the body. Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands and then carried to their destinations in the body by the blood. Chemical messengers secreted in the blood or extra cellular fluid Hormones produced during puberty trigger physical changes in the body.

Structure of the Endocrine System Some Glands of the Endocrine System Pituitary gland- Master gland because it controls the other glands in the endocrine system Thyroid gland- produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth Hyperthyroidism- means that the thyroid glad makes too much thyroid hormone for the body. Hypothyroidism- means that the thyroid gland can't make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally. Parathyroid glands- produces a hormone that regulates the body's calcium and phosphorous balance. Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Testes and Ovaries Thymus Gland Pancreas- a gland that serves two systems (digestive and endocrine systems).

Integumentary System Made up of skin, hair, and nails to protect, absorb, excrete, secret, regulate and sensation. First line of defense Protect against bacteria, fungi, & viruses Protects body from dehydration

Immune System Function The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles

Immune System First line of defense: Skin Mucus and Cilia Saliva Stomach Acid Second line of defense: White blood cells Third line of defense: Antibiotics/medication

Lymphatic system A circulatory network made up of lymph nodes, vessels, lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and thymus. Function is to transport lymph, nutrients, and waste Lymph- fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells Works closely with the immune system

Digestion Function: breaks down food into fuel & absorb nutrients Phases Include 1. Ingestion 2. Movement 3. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 4. Absorption 5. Elimination Types Mechanical (physical) Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix Chemical Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Digestive System Organization Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract Tube within a tube Direct link/path between organs Structures Mouth Pharynx Esophagus- has wave like motions to move food down Stomach- breaks down food Small intestine- absorbs nutrients Large Intestine- absorbs nutrients & creates stool Rectum 23

Urinary System Function The urinary system removes a type of waste from the blood called urea. Urea is created when protein is broken down in the body. The urea travels through the kidneys and is filtered out of the blood. Urine, a mixture of urea, water, and other wastes, travels down two thin tubes called ureters and is stored in the bladder. Water helps with maintaining the urinary system Then, when you empty your bladder, the sphincter relaxes, and urine exits the bladder through the urethra.

Urinary System Kidneys: Bean shaped organs around the size of your fists. They filter blood to remove wastes. Excess water turns into urine Ureter: Tube that carries urine into the bladder Bladder: Muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine Urethra: Carries urine outside of the body

Female and male reproductive system Testicles and ovaries are similar because they both produce gametes. Testes produce sperm Ovaries produce egg/ova