Body Systems EXAM Part 2 n Name n

Body Systems EXAM Part 2 n Name: n Date: 5/31/17 n When you are finished with your test, complete chapter 21 in your review book, page 197 -198, questions 19 -22

May 31, 2017 2 WEEKS TO REGENTS 7 SCHOOL DAYS Objective: I can describe the parts of our environment and of an ecosystem. Launch: Complete part 2 of body systems exam. Homework: • Read Chapter 22 Pages 199 -204, complete questions 1 -21 on pages 205 -208. • Cumulative Castle Learning assignment DUE MONDAY JUNE 5.

Ecology: n The study of the interactions of living things (biotic factors) with each other and their physical environment (abiotic factors)

Biotic factors: n n All the LIVING THINGS that directly or indirectly affect the environment ** Thus, the organisms, their presence, parts, interaction, and wastes are all biotic factors

Abiotic factors: n (NON-LIVING) those physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce

Some Abiotic Factors: 1. intensity of light 2. range of temperatures 3. amount of moisture 4. type of soil or rock 5. availability of inorganic substances such as minerals 6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen 7. p. H

** abiotic factors differ in the environment and may act as a limiting factor, determining the types of organisms that exist in that environment. More about limiting factors later

June 1, 2017 2 WEEKS TO REGENTS 6 SCHOOL DAYS Objective: I can describe the parts of our environment and of an ecosystem. Launch: Review Book practice test 1 page 12 -13 questions 52 -55. Homework: • Read Chapter 22 Pages 199 -204, complete questions 1 -21 on pages 205 -208 due today. • Read Chapter 23 Pages 211 -214 questions 1 -18 • Cumulative Castle Learning assignment DUE MONDAY JUNE 5.

LAUNCH REGENTS PRACTICE EXAM #1 (REVIEW BOOK) PAGE 12 -13 QUESTIONS 52 -55 52)

LAUNCH REGENTS PRACTICE EXAM #1 (REVIEW BOOK) PAGE 12 -13 QUESTIONS 52 -55 53)

LAUNCH REGENTS PRACTICE EXAM #1 (REVIEW BOOK) PAGE 12 -13 QUESTIONS 52 -55 54)

LAUNCH REGENTS PRACTICE EXAM #1 (REVIEW BOOK) PAGE 12 -13 QUESTIONS 52 -55 55)

Ecological Organization: Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location Ex. Dogs on Long Island Community: all the interacting populations in a given area Ex. Dogs and Humans on Long Island Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system Ex. Dogs, Humans, sun, soil, temperature, water

Ecological Organization: n Population q n Community q n All members of the same species sharing an ecosystem. All biotic members sharing an ecosystem Ecosystem q All living and non living factors in an area.

Biosphere: that portion of the earth where life exists -The biosphere is composed of numerous complex ecosystems. Biome: a type of ecosystem. Example: • Rain forest, grassland, tundra, desert, etc.

Brain pop n Ecosystems q http: //www. brainpop. com/science/ecologyandbeh avior/ecosystems/zoom. weml

DO NOW CHAPTER 21 P. 197 -198 Q. 19 -22 19) 1 20) 3 21) 4 22) The removal of one tree affects other trees as if they were related.

HW CHAPTER 21 P. 194 Q. 1 -18 1) 2 9) 3 2) 1 10) 2 3) 3 11) 3 4) 3 12) 4 5) 3 13) 4 6) 1 14) 1 7) 3 15) 1 8) 1 16) 2

HW CHAPTER 21 P. 194 Q. 1 -18 17) 4 18) Five abiotic factors are, water, soil, sunlight, air-Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, rocks, etc. Five biotic factors are, producers (plants), consumers (animals), decomposers (bacteria), fungi (mushrooms), protists (algae),

An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the following requirements are met: 1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules. 2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.

n Competition – struggle for resources q Limiting factors – factors that limit population size n Abiotic factors: q Ex: n Biotic Factors: q Ex:

Nutritional Relationships: A. Producers (Autotrophs): can synthesize their own food from inorganic compounds and a usable energy source B. Consumers (Heterotrophs): can NOT synthesize their own food and are dependent on other organisms for their food

Types of Heterotrophs: Saprophytes: include those heterotrophic plants, fungi, and bacteria which live on dead matter - AKA decomposers Herbivores: plant-eating animals Omnivores: consume both plants and meat Carnivores: meat-eating animals

Types of Carnivores: n Predators: animals which kill and consume their prey n Scavengers: those animals that feed on other animals that they have not killed

Decomposers: break down organic wastes and dead organisms to simpler substances (ex. bacteria of decay) They RECYCLE nutrients back into environment ** Through decomposition, chemical substances are returned to the environment where they can be used by other living organisms.

June 2 , 2017 2 WEEKS TO REGENTS 5 SCHOOL DAYS Objective: I can describe the parts of our environment and of an ecosystem. Launch: Review Book practice test 1 page 14 questions 56 -60. Homework: • Read Chapter 23 Pages 211 -214 questions 1 -18 DUE TODAY. • Cumulative Castle Learning assignment DUE MONDAY JUNE 5.

LAUNCH REGENTS PRACTICE EXAM #1 (REVIEW BOOK) PAGE 14 QUESTIONS 56 -60

Food Chains and Webs n n n If an ecosystem is to be self-sustaining it must contain a flow of energy. The pathways of energy through the living components of an ecosystem are represented by food chains and food webs. Producers convert the radiant energy of the sun into the chemical energy of food.

A. Food chain: involves the transfer of energy from green plants through a series of organisms with repeated stages of eating and being eaten B. Food web: network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Food Web

June 2 , 2017 2 WEEKS TO REGENTS 5 SCHOOL DAYS Objective: I can describe the parts of our environment and of an ecosystem. Launch: Review Book practice test 1 page 14 questions 56 -60. Homework: • Read Chapter 23 Pages 211 -214 questions 1 -18 DUE TODAY. • Cumulative Castle Learning assignment DUE MONDAY JUNE 5.

LAUNCH REGENTS PRACTICE EXAM #1 (REVIEW BOOK) PAGE 14 QUESTIONS 56 -60

Brain pop n Food chains q http: //www. brainpop. com/science/ecologyandbeha vior/foodchains/zoom. weml

Who has the most energy in this pyramid?

n n n There is a decrease in the overall energy in each level as you move up the food web. This means that there is much more energy in the producer level in a food web than at the consumer levels. Also, this means that there is more energy at the primary consumer level than at the secondary consumer level.

Energy flow through an ecosystem

Energy Transfer: n n Each consumer level of the food pyramid utilizes approximately 10% of its ingested nutrients to build new tissue. This new tissue represents food for the next feeding level. Yummy !

n The remaining energy is lost in the form of heat and unavailable chemical energy. Eventually, the energy in an ecosystem is lost and is radiated from the earth. n Thus, an ecosystem can not survive without the constant input of energy from the sun.

Biomass: n n n amount of organic matter The decrease of energy at each successive feeding level (trophic level) means that less biomass can be supported at each level. Thus, the total mass of carnivores in a particular ecosystem is less than the total mass of the producers. (A pyramid of biomass illustrates this. )

n n level D = producers level C = primary consumers level B= secondary consumers level A = tertiary consumers

n Above is a typical representation of a NY State terrestrial energy pyramid.

Brain pop n Energy pyramid q https: //www. brainpop. com/science/energy pyramid/

Tangled web lab activity

Class activity n Battle at Kruger q q Original (8. 5 min. ) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LU 8 DDYz 68 k M&spfreload=5 Lions attack buffaloes (2 minutes) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ocqzh. Gopvb. U

Symbiotic Relationships: n n Symbiosis: living together with another organism in close association Types of (symbiosis): MUTUALISM PARASITISM COMMENSALISM

Parasitism: the parasite benefits at the expense of the host ex. athlete's foot fungus on humans, tapeworm and heartworm in dogs

Commensalism: one organism is benefited and the other is unharmed ex. barnacles on whales, orchids on tropical trees, shark and remora fish

Mutualism: both organisms benefit from the association ex. Lichens- algae and a fungus living together, clownfish and sea anemone, certain protozoa within termites (also ruminants)

MATERIAL CYCLES n n n ** In a self-sustaining ecosystem, materials must be cycled among the organisms and the abiotic environment. Thus the same materials can be reused. Materials constantly need to be recycled from the living and non-living environment so that materials can be reused by different living organisms.

Water Cycle n involves the processes of photosynthesis, transpiration, evaporation condensation and respiration

n n n Condensation- the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water Transpiration- evaporation of water from leaves and stems of plants Evaporation- process by which liquids are converted to gas

Carbon-Oxygen Cycle n n involves the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. In respiration, oxygen and glucose are combined releasing energy and producing water and carbon dioxide. In photosynthesis water and carbon dioxide along with the energy from the sun are combined to produce glucose (containing energy) and oxygen. Each process compliments the other and the ecosystem maintains its balanced communities.

Nitrogen Cycle n n n n n Nitrates (used by plants) Build plant proteins Eaten by animals made into animal proteins Plants and animals die bacteria decay Ammonia (NH 3) Nitrifying Bacteria Nitrates (used by plants)

DO NOW CHAPTER 22 P. 209 -210 Q. 22 -28 22)The plant population would drastically decrease because decomposers help return nutrients to the soil that plants depend on to grow. 23) A food web begins with producers, such as plants, then primary consumers are herbivores that eat the producers. Then secondary consumers could be carnivores or omnivores that eat

DO NOW CHAPTER 22 P. 209 -210 Q. 22 -28 24) 2 25) 4 26) Group C functions as the control group. 27) 2 28)4

HW CHAPTER 22 P. 205 -208 Q. 1 -21 1) 2 9) 1 17) 1 18) 1 2) 4 10) 3 19) 2 3) 2 11) 4 20) 2 4) 2 12) 4 21) 1 5) 3 13) 1 6) 2 14) 2 7) 3 15) 1 8) 1 16) 2

Class activity n Battle at Kruger q q Original (8. 5 min. ) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LU 8 DDYz 68 k M&spfreload=5 Lions attack buffaloes (2 minutes) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ocqzh. Gopvb. U

n Evolutionary processes have resulted in a diversity of organisms and a diversity of roles in ecosystems. n Biodiversity -- the differences in living things in an ecosystem Increased biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem. Increased biodiversity increases the chance that at least some living things will survive in the face of large changes in the environment. n n

BIODIVERSITY

n Niche (Job): the organism's role in the community, particularly its role in relation to food with other species. n Habitat - a place where a plant or animal can get the food, water, shelter and space it needs to live.

Population interactions q Habitat – the place in the ecosystem where an organism lives. n Example- Fox hole, rabbit hole, nest in a tree for birds, insects under a rock, etc

Population interactions q Niche – role or job in the ecosystem n n n One species per niche If two or more organisms share same niche, competition occurs Example- birds in different tree levels

n n n Woodpeckers make holes in this cactus to live. When the woodpeckers are finished with this housing, the elf owl and the screech owl move in. The elf owl eats insects and the screech owl occupies the same habitat, but have different niches.

Niche

n Stable Population (Steady State) - this occurs when the population remains relatively constant over a number of years. q This will occur when the number of births equals the number of deaths.

Carrying Capacity n n the maximum number of organisms the resources of an area can support The carrying capacity of the environment is limited by the available abiotic and biotic resources, as well as the ability of ecosystems to recycle the residue of dead organisms through the activities of bacteria and fungi.

Carrying Capacity Graph

Ecological Succession: n The change in an ecosystem when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors (determined by changes in plants)

n The environment may be altered in substantial ways through the activities of organisms, including humans, or when the climate changes. n Although these alterations are sometimes abrupt (ex. Natural disasters), in most cases species replace others, resulting in long-term gradual changes in ecosystems.

n Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system is formed. n The type of ecosystem that is formed depends on the climatic limitations of a given geographical area.

Pioneer Organisms: n n n The first organisms to inhabit a given location (ex. lichens on bare rock) Pioneer organisms modify their environment, thus establishing conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. (ex. Lichens secrete acid that turns rock into soil.

n ** Each community modifies its environment, often making it more difficult for itself and, apparently, more favorable for the following community which infiltrates the first community over a period of years.

n Primary Succession: the development of plant communities on newly formed habitats that previously lacked plants (ex. a lava flow)

n Secondary Succession: return of an area to its natural vegetation following a disruption or removal of the original climax community

Climax Community n a self-perpetuating community in which populations remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment n ** The climax community of a region is always its dominant plant species.

n n n Altered ecosystems may reach a point of stability that can last for hundreds or thousands of years. A climax community persists until a catastrophic change of a major biotic or abiotic nature alters or destroys it. (ex. forest fires, abandoned farmlands, floods, areas where the topsoil has been removed)

n After the original climax community has been destroyed, the damaged ecosystem is likely to recover in stages that eventually result in a stable system similar to the original one. n Ponds and small lakes, for example, fill in due to seasonal dieback of aquatic vegetation and erosion of their banks, and eventually enter into a terrestrial succession terminating in a terrestrial climax community. FLORA - plant species - dominate in the sense that they are the most abundant food sources n

n ** Plant succession is a major limiting factor for animal succession. n Animal Succession- as the plant community changes so will the animals

n ** Climax communities are identified by the dominant plant species -- the one that exerts the most influence over the other species present. n Competition: occurs when two different species or organisms living in the same environment (habitat) utilize the same limited resources, such as food, water, space, light, oxygen, and minerals.

n ** The more similar the requirements of the organisms involved, the more intense the competition.

DO NOW CHAPTER 23 P. 218 -220 Q. 19 -29 19) The deer population could become a pest to the human population. 20) The population that decreased may not have been able to successfully compete for food. 21) 4 22) 1 23)2 24) 1

DO NOW CHAPTER 23 P. 218 -220 Q. 19 -29 25) Plenty of food and resources. No predators. Little or no competition. 26) 1 27) 3 28) 2 29) The animal burrows deep into the ground during fire season. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UL NIVa. QM 6 As

HW CHAPTER 23 P. 215 -218 Q. 1 -18 1) 4 9) 2 17) 4 18) 4 2) 3 10) 2 3) 2 11) 4 4) 3 12) 4 5) 1 13) 2 6) 3 14) 2 7) 2 15) 4 8) 4 16) 3

Biomes of the Earth: n BIOME - a large geographical community that has a particular type of Climax community (a dominant type of plant (flora) and animal (fauna) life).

Aquatic Biomes Aquatic biomes represent the marine ecosystem on Earth Characteristics: n Temperatures do not vary as much as land biomes (water absorbs and releases heat) n Organisms must maintain water balance n

There are two types of Aquatic Biomes: Marine Biomes-Oceans n n n Salt water Composes 70% of the earths surface Contains many different organisms Provides most of the earths food nutrients Most oxygen is produced here Fresh water Biomes - ponds, lakes, rivers and streams

Disruption of Existing Ecosystems n Urbanization - growth of cities has destroyed land wetlands ruining natural habitats

n Importation of Organisms - Organisms without any known predators in our area have accidentally been brought to this side of the world. n Examples: Japanese beetles, Gypsy Moths, Dutch elm disease. Since there are now natural enemies for these organisms, they have reproduced at a rapid rate and have caused a lot of damage to plants and crops. n

n n n Poor farming practices - overuse of fields, over grazing by animals and erosion of land. When crops are harvested, the plants which contain essential nutrients that should be returned to the soil are also taken away. Therefore the ground is less fertile and will eventually not be able to support crops.

n Misuse of Pesticides - The use of pesticides has disrupted food chains. n Examples: DDT has killed beneficial insects. DDT does not break down and eventually becomes concentrated at dangerous levels within the soil.