BOARD EXAMS IDENTIFY YOUR STRENGTHS MAKE YOUR STRENGTH
BOARD EXAMS IDENTIFY YOUR STRENGTHS MAKE YOUR STRENGTH STRONG EAT WELL AND SLEEP WELL REACH WELL BEFORE TIME USE READING TIME WISELY NEW ANSWER NEW PAGE
4/6 figure grid reference Interpretation scale TOPO SHEETS Contour Height Direction and distance Areas
Eastings Northings Vertical Lines Horizontal Lines North to South East to West Numbered 00 to 99 Placed 2 cm (1 km) apart Value increases towards east Value increases towards north
EASTINGS N O R T H I N G S
REMEMBER L
6 figure reference of G is 2 5 x 7 7 y x = a / 2 y = b / 2 Truncate the decimals If a = 13 mm; b = 11 mm 6 figure grid reference is 256775 3. 5 BECOMES 3 25 20 mm 78 a 77 G b 26
Use toposheet 45 D/7, Easting 76 to 87, Northing 73 to 85 Find the six figure grid reference of a. Post Office in the North. East b. Temple north of Godh c. ∆169 d. Tomb near Vaghrol e. ∆317 Answers a. 844806 b. 781833 c. 780778 d. 846764 e. 793755
Scale is a RATIO Distance between two places on map (a) Distance between the same two places on ground (b) • Can be expressed as 1. Statement (2 cm = 1 km OR 2 cm to 1 km) 2. Representative Fraction (1: 50000) 3. Linear Scale
Statement to R. F. • If a = 2 cm; b = 1 km • Scale = 2 cm / 1 km 2 cm / 1 X 1000 X 100 cm 1 cm / 50000 cm 1 : 50000 OR OR OR
FINDING DIRECT DISTANCE 1. Measure the distance between the centre of the two places in cm 2. Convert distance in km (or metres) (Use the scale, i. e. ; 2 cm = 1 km) 3. Round off to nearest 0. 25 km (250 metres)
FINDING INDIRECT DISTANCE 1. Place a string along the path between the centre of the two places 2. Measure the length of the string in cm 3. Convert distance in km (or metres) (Use the scale, i. e. ; 2 cm = 1 km) 4. Round off to nearest 0. 25 km (250 metres)
Direction From ‘O’ to ____ OR Of __ from ‘O’ E A G o C F D B
E A G o C F D B
Normal direction and Forward Bearing 0° 315 ° 45 ° 270 ° 90 ° 225 ° 135 ° 180 °
Finding Areas REMEMBER Every grid is 1 km X 1 km =1 sq km
Visual method 90 42 89 88 87 86 85 84 43 44 45 46 47 48
Correct solution 1. Area enclosed by full grid squares (f) Area enclosed = f. X 1 1. Area enclosed by half grid squares (h) Area enclosed = h. X½ 1. Area enclosed by more than half grid squares (m) Area enclosed = m X 2/3 1. Area enclosed by less than half grid squares (l) Area enclosed = l X 1/3
TOTAL AREA • Total area f X 1 + h X ½ + m X 2/3 + l X 1/3
Correct solution - Visual method 90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 89 l m h h l l 88 h f f l 87 m f f f m 86 m f f f h 85 l m m m 84
TOTAL AREA • Finding the total area f X 1 = 10 X 1 = 10 sq. km + h X ½ = 4 X ½ = 2 sq. km + m X 2/3 = l X 1/3 = 5 X 1/3 Total Area = 7 X 2/3 = = 4. 67 sq. km 18. 34 sq. km = +
To be answered using toposheet 45 D/10, Grid reference 10 to 18, Northing 16 to 28 Find the area of uncultivated land between eastings 14 and 18 and northings 24 and 28. Answers 11 Sq. Km
Height 1. Triangulated Height 2. Spot Height 3. Relative Height
Triangulated Height • • Determined using principles of trigonometry Accurate Expressed on maps using a ∆ For example, ∆ 224
Prominent Surveyed Tree • Triangulated height written on tree bark • Tree is shown in black colour- • For example
Bench Mark • Triangulated height written on nearby rock or wall • Shown using BM • For example, BM 403
Spot Height • Height estimated using the value of adjacent contours • Shown with a dot • For example, . 544 0 56 54 0 . 544
Relative Height • Height (depth) of a feature relative to surroundings • Shown using r • For example, 20 r
Example of relative heights Symbol Meaning Relative height of river bank is 7 metres 7 r 11 r Relative height of Sand Dune is 11 metres Relative height of Tank Embankment is 14 metres 14 r 22 r Relative Depth of PL Well is 22 metres
CONTOURS
INDEX CONTOURS
FORM LINES Drawn where it is not possible to draw contours and there is a prominent relief feature which is lesser in height than the contour interval
Spacing between contours • Widely spaced contours – Gentle slope • Closely packed contours – Steep slope • Overlapping contours – Vertical slope
Uniform Gentle Slope 220 240 260 280 300 320
Uniform Steep Slope 320 300 280 0 26 240 220 200 180 160 140
Concave Slope 28 300 0 32 0 0 26 24 0 0 22
Convex Slope
VISUALISATION
CONICAL HILL 320 300 280 260
ASYMMETRICAL HILL 320 300 280 260
CIRCULAR PLATEAU 320 300 280 260
RIDGE 320 300 280 260
SADDLE 320 300 280 260
V SHAPED VALLEY 240 220 200 180 340 280 260 320 300
WATERFALL 240 280 260 340 320 200 300
An Escarpment
Type of Drainage Patterns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Radial Trellised Dendritic Disappearing Combinations of one or more of the above
Radial Drainage pattern • Hill in the centre • Streams flow outward in different directions
Trellised Drainage Pattern • Streams parallel to each other
Dentritic Drainage Pattern • Random arrangement of streams
Disappearing stream • Stream may disappear in its course due to – Evaporation – Flowing through sandy area – EVIDENCE OF SEASONAL RAIN
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
Nucleated and Linear
Nucleated and Radial
Dispersed Settlement Pattern
Modes of Transport Metre Gauge Railway Metalled Road Unmetalled Road
Modes of Transport Cart Track Pack Track Foot Path
What is irrigation? • Artificial means of availing water – River is not a mode of irrigation • Required if area receives seasonal rainfall
Modes of irrigation (Dry) tank with embankment Dam Canal IN D/10 1822 D/7 8079 (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
Modes of irrigation Perennial lined well Perennial Unlined well Tubewell Perennial lined well with brackish water Brackish
INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
INTERPRETATIONS DRAWN 1. 2. 3. 4. Occupation Climate and Vegetation General Slope Relief
Occupations in 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Agriculture Cattle Rearing Construction Public Services Trade Tourism Education Lumbering
AGRICULTURE • True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except Abu • Evidences – Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land)
CATTLE REARING • True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except Abu • Supplementary with Agriculture • Provides monthly income • Evidences – Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land) – Tanks with embankments – Cart Tracks
CONSTRUCTION • Evidences – Lime Kiln – Brick Kiln – Stone Quarry – Metalled Road under construction – Canal under construction
PUBLIC SERVICES • True of larger villages and the town of Abu • Evidences – Post Office – Police Station – Dak Bungalow – Inspection Bungalow – Dispensary, etc.
TRADE • True for larger settlements • Evidences – Nucleated and radial settlement pattern
TOURISM • True for the town of Abu • Evidences – Hill Station – Nakki Talao – Delwara Temple – Sun Set Point – Anadra Point – Palanpur Palace – Jai Vilas Palace
EDUCATION • True for the town of Abu • Evidences – St. Mary’s High School – Sophia High School
LUMBERING • True for small dispersed settlements • Evidences – Settlement near of within forest
CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
CLIMATE IN 45 D/7 AND 45 D/10 • Tropical Monsoon type of climate SEASON MONTHS CHARACTERISTICS SUMMER March to May Hot and Dry (45 °C) RAINY SEASON June to September Scanty Rainfall (50 cm) WINTER December to February Cool and Dry (0 °C)
Evidences of Seasonal Rainfall 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dry (seasonal) streams Dry Tanks Broken Ground Open scrub Wells
POSSIBLE VEGETATION • Tropical Deciduous Trees – Neem – Banyan – Peepal • Desert Vegetation – Acacia (Babool) – Cactus – Date Palms
MEANING OF GENERAL SLOPE • Direction towards which the terrain is inclined • Can be determined by finding the direction in which the river system flows
FINDING DIRECTION OF RIVER FLOW 1. Arrow in the river bed – Direction in which water will flow 2. Angle at which tributaries meet – Tributaries follow the main river – Tributaries meet at an acute angle 1. Direction in which river widens
GENERAL SLOPE D/7 South West Sipu- South West Hills in South East West D/10 South West -Sipu-NE to West - Sukli- South to North West South West North West South Hills in North East
TYPES OF RELIEF • High relief – Hilly terrain – Range of heights • Low Relief – Flat plain – Lower heights in a small range
NATURE OF HILLS / MOUNTAINS • • • Location Area occupied Average height Highest and lowest point Alignment / Trend of hill ranges
NATURE OF RIVERS • • • Direction of flow Presence of sediment Width Presence of water Flowing through broken ground Tributary or main river
CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS
Water bodies Perennial Stream Dry river with sediment and perennial channel
Water bodies Spring Dry / seasonal stream Perennial Lake Dry / Seasonal Tank
Modes of irrigation (Dry) tank with embankment, Natural/Man-made Dam Canal
Modes of irrigation Perennial lined well Perennial Unlined well Tubewell Perennial lined well with brackish water Brackish
Places of Worship Temple Tomb / Chhatri
Miscellaneous Man Made Features Telephone Line Self explanatory Causeway Small bridge built to maintain level of road Fire Line Clearing made to prevent forest fires from spreading Piao Place where drinking water is available Piao
METALLED ROAD NON PERINEAL RIVER/STREAM
Miscellaneous Man Made Features Lime Kiln Brick Kiln Stone Quarry Place where lime is manufactured EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCTION Place where bricks are made EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCTION Stone mine . Stone quarry
BROKEN GROUNDS ALONG WITH SEASONAL RIVER/STREAM
Miscellaneous Relief Features Rock Outcrop Rock protruding out on the land surface Rock Outcrop Sheet Rock Outcrop of sedimentary rock Sheet Rock Stoney Waste / Gravel Waste Weathered rock
Miscellaneous Relief Features Road Cutting Made to pass the road
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