BMW Hydrogen NHA Hydrogen Conference 2010 BMW Efficient
BMW Hydrogen. NHA Hydrogen Conference 2010. BMW Efficient. Dynamics Less emissions. More driving pleasure. Cryo-compressed H 2 -Storage – A Promising Candidate to Supplement the Vehicle Storage Portfolio. Dr. Klaas Kunze. 4 th of May 2010, Long Beach.
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 2 BMW Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage. Outline. § BMW hydrogen strategy § Infrastructure aspects § Cryo-compressed hydrogen vehicle storage § Outlook and conclusion
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 3 BMW Efficient Dynamics Hydrogen. BMW Hydrogen Strategy. Hydrogen 7 small series Advanced key components Next vehicle & infrastructure Technology leap storage & drive train Advancement Storage & Drive train H 2 -Storage LH 2 Storage Ø Ø Ø Capacity Safety Boil-off loss Pressure supply Complexity Infrastructure CGH 2 Cc. H 2 LH 2 Source: Dynetek Source: BMW H 2 Drive train V 12 PFI engine Ø Ø Power density Fuel Ce ll Dynamics Durability & cost Efficiency H 2 ICE H 2 HEV EREV FCHV Electrification today FC-EREV Efficient long-range mobility: Ø High energy availability / vehicle range Ø Efficient drive train Ø Optimized safety oriented vehicle package & component integration Ø Loss-free operation for all relevant use cases Ø Fast refueling capability Ø Compatibility to existing infrastructure (CGH 2)
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 4 The Challenge of Vehicle Energy Storage. Fuel economy favors battery electric vehicles… Fuel Economy +65% 1. 5 – 1. 8 x times higher fuel economy +50% +20% + 25% H 2 -ICE Standard Technology H 2 -ICE BMW Efficient Dynamics H 2 -ICE Hybrid BEV FCEREV FCEV
The Challenge of Vehicle Energy Storage. … but H 2 -storage density beats batteries. 8. 9 System energy density [k. Wh/kg], [k. Wh/L] BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 5 9 k. Wh/kg System weight and volume examples: 30 L gasoline (7. 8 kg H 2, 260 k. Wh): Cc. H 2 8 : 130 kg, 245 L (next) CGH 2, 700 bar : 163 kg, 325 L (best) Li-Ion 1730 kg, 1040 L : 6. 9 7 k. Wh/L Cc. H 2 300 bar CGH 2 700 bar 350 bar 2. 0 k. Wh/kg 2 k. Wh/kg 1. 6 k. Wh/kg 1. 2 k. Wh/L 0. 8 1 k. Wh/L 0. 6 k. Wh/L 0. 25 0. 15 k. Wh/L k. Wh/kg 0 0 Gasoline cryogenic Hydrogen Source: BMW for 7. 8 kg Cc. H 2 and TIAX(US DOE) 2009 for 5, 6 kg 350/700 bar CGH 2. ambient Li-Ion Battery (second generation battery)
The Challenge of Vehicle Energy Storage. … but H 2 -storage fill rate beats batteries. 350 Cc. H 2* Refueling / refill rate [k. Wh/min] BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 6 60 CGH 2 700 bar 50 CGH 2 350 bar 80 times higher fill rate 40 30 Refill rate example: 30 L gasoline (7. 8 kg H 2, 260 k. Wh): 20 Cc. H 2 10 0 Gasoline : 4 min CGH 2, 700 bar : 5 min Li-Ion 4 hours cryogenic : Hydrogen ambient Li-Ion Battery** (Second generation battery ) *) Cc. H 2: Cryo-compressed Hydrogen , reference system (~8 kg H 2) **) 50 KW/200 V fast charging
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 7 BMW Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage. Outline. § BMW hydrogen strategy § Infrastructure aspects § Cryo-compressed hydrogen vehicle storage § Outlook and conclusion
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 8 H 2 -Infrastructure forecast Germany. Combined gaseous and liquid hydrogen distribution H 2 -Infrastructure forecast Germany: Ø „Cost-effectiveness, station footprint and safety issues will decide on delivery method und station layout“ Ø Liquid hydrogen distribution along highways and in remote areas Ø Gaseous hydrogen distribution via pipelines in metropolitan areas Ø Compressed gas trailers and onsite electrolysis in ramp-up phase, only Source: NOW 2010 (German. Hy, ) Liquid delivery and station storage likely to play an important role in future infrastructure
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 9 H 2 -Infrastructure. Filling Station with LH 2 -Supply today. Filling station with LH 2 -supply and warm compression Source Natural gas Production Delivery Filling Station High pressure up compressor SMR to 24 g/L High pressure compressor Cooler 24 / 40 g/L CGH 2 1. 5 kg/min (3 MW) Carbon 350 / 700 bar EU el. mix GH 2 Heat exchanger Electrolysis Liquefaction High operating costs – low efficiency Wind power Hydropower Solar energy Geothermal energy Biomass LH 2 69 -65 g/L 1, 5 – 3 bar 63 g/L LH 2 Trailer LH 2 pump LH 2 Filling station storage 4 bar LH 2 Return gas 1 kg/min (2 MW)
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 10 H 2 -Infrastructure. Filling station with LH 2 -supply and Cc. H 2. Filling station with LH 2 -supply and cryogenic high-pressure pump Source Production Delivery Filling station High efficiency, lower operating costs and cryocompressed fuel option with highest density Natural gas SMR After cooling 24 / 40 g/L CGH 2 1. 5 kg/min (3 MW) Carbon 350 / 700 bar EU el. mix GH 2 Partial warm-up 80 g/L Electrolysis Liquefaction Cc. H 2 Wind power Geothermal energy Biomass 2 kg/min (4 MW) Cryogenic highpressure pump 300 bar Hydropower Solar energy Cc. H 2 LH 2 69 -65 g/L 1, 5 – 3 bar 63 g/L LH 2 Trailer LH 2 pump LH 2 Filling station storage LH 2 Return gas 4 bar 1 kg/min (2 MW)
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 11 H 2 -Infrastructure. Cryogenic high pressure pump – a possible game changer ? BMW Cc. H 2 pump prototype Ø 80 g/L at 300 bar Ø 100 kg H 2/h Ø < 1% LHV compression energy Ø Start of operation: Feb 2010
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 12 BMW Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage. Outline. § BMW hydrogen strategy § Infrastructure aspects § Cryo-compressed hydrogen vehicle storage § Outlook and conclusion
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 13 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Cc. H 2 – denser than LH 2. ic en ion g o s cry pres m co Density [g/L] LH 2 – 1 bara Cryo-compressed Hydrogen CGH 2 Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen bar +27% 700 63 g/L bar 500 350 250 LH 2 20 bar x 2 bar bar CGH 2 – 700 bar / 288 K 40 g/L 150 bar 12 33 K Cc. H 2 880 LH 2 – 4 bara ba r 4 bara Liquid Hydrogen 80 g/L Cc. H 2 – 300 bar / 38 K , 84 LH 2 CGH 2 – 350 bar / 288 K Cc. H 2 Temperature [K] CGH 2 -40°C
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 14 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Concept. Combining advantages rather than challenges LH 2 CGH 2 + 2 -10 bar 700 bar System volume Fiber cost System weight - + „Insulate a pressure vessel with High storage capacity + a simplified superinsulation, with compressed cryogenic supply for ICE-ATL / FC - + fill. Pressure hydrogen and operate in the cryo Low adiabatic expansion energy + -compressed gas region” + Hybrid use - CGH refueling option Simplify insulation Reduce pressure (10 W 2 W) (700 bar 350 bar) Loss-free operation in typical usage 2 Simplified Superinsulation Carbon overwrapped Pressure Vessel (Type 3) Cc. H 2 Lightweight Vacuum Shell 20 -350 bar Boil-off loss Dormancy, autonomy Insulation complexity Two-phase issues Warm refueling time
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 15 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Energy Density. Highest range at lowest fuel cost: ØLong range Cc. H 2 -mode ØCity gas mode (CGH 2 350 bar) Ø„Always the most convenient H 2 -fuel“ +50% Cc. H 2 – mode CGH 2 – mode Volumetric system energy density [k. Wh/L] Cc. H 2 storage can enable efficient and cost-effective long-range mobility 265 k. Wh 260 k. Wh +50% Gravimetric system energy density [k. Wh/kg]
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 16 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Safety aspects. Cc. H 2 storage eases vessel monitoring and mitigates failure impact Redundant safety devices Vacuum enclosure Ambient CGH 2 storage after refueling 6 -15 times lower expansion energy Cc. H 2 Full Cc. H 2 storage after cold refueling r, ba 00 , 7 H 2 G C 0 K r, 35 0 ba 0 , 7 H 2 G C 8 K r, 28 0 ba 5 , 3 H 2 G C 0 K , r 35 ba 00 , 3 2 c. H C K r, 80 0 ba 5 , 2 2 c. H C K 48 a, r ba , 4 2 ) LH 6 K (2 COPV in vacuum environment Cold refueling & low adiabatic expansion energy Adiabatic expansion energy [k. Wh/kg] Vacuum enclosure & safety release control Ø Vacuum enclosure design lowers risk of pressure vessel damage (mechanical and chemical intrusion, bonfire damaging and aging) and enables leak monitoring. Ø Redundant safety devices for safe hydrogen release in case of damage / vacuum failure. Ø Cryogenic hydrogen contains a fairly low adiabatic expansion energy and thus, can mitigate implications of a sudden pressure vessel failure, in particular during refueling.
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 17 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. System layout – BMW prototype 2011. Superinsulated cryogenic COPV (Type III) Max. usable capacity Cc. H 2: 8 kg (265 k. Wh) CGH 2: 2. 7 kg (90 k. Wh) Operating pressure 350 bar Vent pressure ≥ 350 bar Refueling pressure Cc. H 2: 250 – 300 bar CGH 2: ≤ 350 bar Refueling time < 5 min Mean dormancy time Cc. H 2: > 10 days CGH 2: years Weight (incl. H 2) < 150 kg H 2 -Loss (Leakage| max. loss rate | infr. driver) << 3 g/day | 3 – 7 g/h (Cc. H 2) | no significant losses + Active pressure control + Optimized vehicle body integration + Engine/Fuel cell waste heat recovery MLI insulation (in vacuum space) COPV (Type III) Shut-off valves Vacuum enclosure (Aluminum) Intank heat exchanger Coolant heat exchanger Secondary vacuum module (shut-off / saftey valves) Refueling line Aux. systems (control valve, regulator, sensors)
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 18 BMW Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage. Outline. § BMW hydrogen strategy § Infrastructure aspects § Cryo-compressed hydrogen vehicle storage § Outlook and conclusion
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 19 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Development plan. Technology milestone 2007 2008 Vehicle storage BMW Concept phase & pretests Concept 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Concept milestone Component qualification Prototype development Proof of concept prototype BMW + 12 partners Demonstrator vehicle Vehicle application Infrastructure BMW & partners 2014 BMW + Linde LH 2 cryopump Cc. H 2 – demo refueling device Cc. H 2 – prototype filling station
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 20 BMW Efficient Dynamics Hydrogen. Conclusion. ØHydrogen is a promising alternative fuel for efficient zero emission long range mobility and complements battery electric mobility. ØCryo-compressed hydrogen (Cc. H 2) storage has been identified as a promising candidate to overcome limits of LH 2 storage and combines the advantages of gaseous (CGH 2) and liquid (LH 2) storage. ØCryo-compressed hydrogen storage takes advantage of LH 2 -based infrastructure and is compatible to 350 bar GH 2 infrastructure. ØBMW is on the way to a first automotive Cc. H 2 storage prototype to be presented in 2011.
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 21
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 22 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Automotive hydrogen storage options. Physical Storage Solid storage Compressed Cryo-compressed Liquid „CGH 2*“ „Cc. H 2*“ „LH 2*“ source: Dynetek source: BMW 1 kg - 6 kg 5 kg - 12 kg 8 kg - 12 kg single or multi-bottle pressure vessel insulated cryogenic pressure vessel insulated conformable or cylindrical cryotank Small series demonstration level > 10 OEM Prototype development by BMW & partners Small series demonstration level BMW *) CGH 2 : = Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen (350/700 bar) Cc. H 2 : = Cryo-compressed Hydrogen ( 350 bar) LH 2 : = Liquid/Liquefied Hydrogen (1 bara - ca. 10 bara) Hydrides Adsorption „metallic“ „activated carbon“ „chemical“ „MOFs“ „organic“ „Zeolith“ Research level!
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 23 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Active pressure control. Pat. Pressure control method and maximization of usable fuel mass Receptacle and filling hose Pressure-limiting device Coolant heat exchanger Secundary vacuum modul (cold valves) Outer tank (light weight, metal) Superinsolation (simplified) Cryogenic pressure vessel (Type 3) ptank pmin Ttank Pressure control unit
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 24 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Single flow refuelling – from warm to cold. Storage density when switching from warm (CGH 2) to cold (Cc. H 2) long dist. travel. Simulation results for reference system, highway consumption 2, 0 kg H 2/100 km (luxury class sedan) 4. Reflg. Start with warm storage (after several CGH 2 refuellings) g. Refill (at 80 km remaining range) Storage temperature [K] 1. Re fuellin g in efl Dr iv 2. R g . 3. Reflg H 2 -storage density [g/L] max. density
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 25 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Cc. H 2 storage: higher heat receptivity than LH 2. Heat receptivity* [Wdays/L**] Cc. H 2 storage can beat heat receptivity of LH 2 storage by a factor of 5 -20. Loss-free CGH 2 density 24 g/L Cc. H 2: 150 L, 7 W at 72 g/L Cc. H 2: 150 L, 7 W at 36 g/L LH 2: 150 L, 3. 5 W at 25 g/L DQ = 150 x 0. 016 = 2. 4 Wdays Q (mean heat leak): 3. 5 W Dt (loss-free dormancy time): =DQ/Q ~ 17 h DQ = 150 x 0. 66 = 99 Wdays Q (mean heat leak): 7 W DQ = 150 x 0. 16 = 23 Wdays Q (mean heat leak): 7 W Dt (loss-free dormancy time): =DQ/Q ~ 3. 3 days Dt (loss-free dormancy time): =DQ/Q ~ 14 days Cc. H 2 250 bar, 48 K Density [g/L] *) equilibrium hydrogen **) 1 Wday/L = 1 day loss-free dormancy time per Watt heat leak and L net fuel volume.
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 26 BMW Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storage. Cc. H 2 storage: lower vent rates than LH 2. Vent rate at release pressure* [g/h/W] Cc. H 2 vent rates per Watt heat leak are potentially 5 -10 times lower than boil-off rates per Watt heat leak in LH 2 storage systems. 10: 1 5: 1 *) equilibrium hydrogen Density [g/L]
BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 27 H 2 -Infrastructure. Filling station concepts comparison. CGH 2 -storage LH 2 -storage 400 kg CGH 2 1000 kg LH 2 Berlin airport 2012, onsite elektrolysis, CGH 2 -storage − − +/+ +/+ − Linde filling station concept, LH 2 -delivery and storage Footprint (storage, compressors, cooling) Power demand filling station (compression, cooling) Investment for small / large filling station H 2 -delivery cost small / large scale (Production + delivery + filling station storage) H 2 -losses for small / large turnover Þ BC for small filling station Þ CGH 2 -refuelling only + + −/+ −/+ + Safety (Impact of storage failure) Þ BC for medium and large filling stations Þ Cc. H 2, LH 2 and CGH 2 refuelling
H 2 -Infrastructure. Energy demand H 2 -compression and cooling. BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 28 Energy demand normalized to Cc. H 2 [%] Energy demand filling station: Advantage LH 2 - Delivery. 2500 CGH 2 -Delivery LH 2 -Delivery with cryogenic pump Re-cooling Compression 2000 1500 1000 500 0 CGH 2 700 bar CGH 2 350 bar Cc. H 2 300 bar
The Challenge of Vehicle Energy Storage. … but hydrogen storage costs beat batteries. 500 250 System cost* [€ / k. Wh] BMW Hydrogen NHA Long Beach 04. 05. 2010 Seite 29 max min System cost 15 -30 times lower system cost 30 System cost example: 30 L gasoline (7, 8 kg H 2, 260 k. Wh): Cc. H 2 : 2400 - 4400 € CGH 2, 700 bar : 3900 - 5400 € Li-Ion > 65. 000 € : CGH 2 Cc. H 2** 20 700 bar CGH 2 350 bar 10 0. 15 k. Wh/kg 0 cryogenic Gasoline *) at > 100. 000 u/a **) Cc. H 2: Cryo-compressed Hydrogen, reference system (~8 kg H 2) Source: BMW and TIAX(US DOE) 2009. ambient Hydrogen Battery (High-energy Li-Ion)
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