BM 3 Introduction to English Linguistics Part II

BM 3 Introduction to English Linguistics Part II Session 2: Phonetics

Who am I? Rebecca Carroll, M. A. Contact options: • Stud. IP • A 10 1 -103 / phone 0441 -798 3181 • Email: rebecca. carroll@uni-oldenburg. de All information can be found on my homepage: www. staff. uni-oldenburg. de/rebecca. carroll

Literature Fromkin, V. , Rodman, R. , Hyams, N. (2006). An Introduction to Language. 8 th ed. Wadsworth. Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics & Phonology – A Practical Course. 3 rd ed. Cambridge: CUP. Ladefoged, P. (2006). A Course in Phonetics. 5 th ed. Hanke, J. & Intemann, F. (2000). The Interactive Introduction to Linguistics. CD ROM. Version 2. 0. München: Hueber. See Handapparat for further introductory books

Any Questions So Far? • Organizational • Concerning the lecture • Concerning this class

Overview: • • • Where are we? Phonetics/ Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Applied Linguistics major areas of (theoretical) linguistics (Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Textlinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Computational Linguistics, …)

Phonetics – The Art of Articulation What organs are involved when we produce sounds? • • • Airstream mechanisms Phonation Vocal tract Articulators Tongue

Phonetic Description of Sounds • • Phonation Place of articulation Manner of articulation Lip rounding

Places of Articulation: the Vocal Tract

Places of Articulation: the Tongue

Places of Articulation: Vowels

Places of Articulation: Consonantal Chart

Places of Articulation: Consonantal Chart International Phonetics Association

Manners of Articulation • • Plosive Fricative Nasal Approximant Trill Lateral Flap/ tap

Co-articulation and Other Nuissances A sound can be slightly altered in anticipation of the following sound, so that the articulators have to „work less“. e. g. • Lips of an unrounded vowel (or consonant) can be slightly rounded in anticipation of a labial consonant • Vowels preceding a nasal are typically slightly nasalized as well Transcription issues: • The length of a vowel is also transcribed /uː/ as in ‚two‘ • Usually, you will also find stress marks: primary stress /ˈ/ as in /əˈbəʊt/ and secondary stress /ˌ/ as in /ˌlɪŋ ˈɡwɪs. tɪks/

Your Turn! Name the articulators/ vocal organs in the figures.

Your turn! Listen to the sounds and write down the phonetic properties referring to Ø Ø Manner of articulation Place of articulation Lip rounding Tongue position (front/ back/ high/ low)

Your turn! Determine the sound of the following sound-descriptions and find an example word which contains that sound. e. g. /b/ as in bat voiced velar plosive voiceless bilabial plosive voiced alveolar nasal voiceless labiodental fricative voiced labio-velar approximant voiced alvolar lateral voiceless glottal fricative unrounded close-mid front v. rounded open back vowel neutral mid central vowel rounded close-mid back v. unr. open(-mid) front vowel rounded open-mid back v. unrounded close-mid front v.

(Brief) Description of Articulatory Actions of the Word „Ship“ 1. Starting point: normal breathing (how? ) 2. Blade of tongue is raised against in the post-alveolar region of the hard palate; lips are slightly rounded. 3. Lungs are compressed to produce an egressive pulmonic airstream; air escapes through a passage along the center of the tongue causing friction. 4. Vocal fold vibration begins; tongue is lowered and moved to a high front position; lips are rounded. 5. Lips are closed to form a closure in the vocal tract; air is compressed, voicing ceases. 6. Release of compressed air by opening mouth, air escapes. 7. Lung pressure is lowered and the articulators return to normal (breathing position).

Your turn! Try to give the same detailed description for the articulation of (one of) the following words: - this - those - bang - bee - shoes - myth Pay special attention to details such as coarticulation, nasalization, voicing, etc.