Blood vessels lymphatic organs Faculty of Pharmacy 2

Blood, vessels, lymphatic organs Faculty of Pharmacy 2 nd Histology practice Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 2018.

Blood

Composition of blood CELLULAR COMPONENTS Red blood cells (erythrocytes) -99% of the cells -oxygen and carbon dioxide transport White blood cells (leukocytes) -defence of the organism Platelets (thrombocytes) - blood clotting PLASMA -55 % of the blood -water -electrolytes -proteins albumin fibrinogen globulins -transported molecules (mostly transported bound to proteins) nutrients, vitamins, trace elements metabolic products hormones fatty substances

Blood smear and May-Grünwald Giemsa staining to study the morphology of blood cells one drop of blood

Cells in the blood smear erythrocytes eosinophil neutrophil basophil granulocytes monocyte small medium lymphocyte neutrophil granulocyte

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) -no cell nucleus -disk-shaped, concave on both sides, (special cytoskeleton with spektrin molecules) Function: O 2 and CO 2 transport lifespan: 120 days, mostly broken down in the spleen and in the liver (iron: stored, reused,

Platelets (thrombocytes) -cytoplasm fragments which derives from megakaryocytes (giant cells in the bone marrow) -lifespan: 5 -10 days 250 -300 000/mm 3 2 -3 mm Function: blood clotting

Neutrophil granulocyte -size: 10 -15 mm -segmented nucleus (3 -5 lobes) -small granules in the citoplasm 60 -70% of white blood cells also called phagocytes because they phagocytose foreign material (first cells to reach the site of an inflammation) part of the nonspecific immune system Neutrophil Chase https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. F Ous 8 ehx. Uc

Eosinophil granulocyte -size: 10 -15 mm; -two-lobed nucleus -eozinophil granules containing histamin, crystals can be detected by EM -1 -6% of white blood cells -are capable of phagocytosis (Ag-Ab complexes), in allergic reactions they bound to and inactivate excess histamine (from mast cells or basophils)

Basophil granulocyte - size: 10 -15 mm -segmented nucleus (not seen because of the granules) -many, large, basophil cytoplasmic granules (heparin, histamine). 0 -1% of white blood cells effector cells in allergy, immediate hypersensitivity

Monocytes -size: 15 -20 mm (largest WBC!) -ovale or kidney-shaped nucleus, numerous lysosomes in the cytoplasm -precursors of tissue macrophages 2 -6 % of white blood cells Function: coordination of cellular and humoral immune response

Lymphocytes -size: 8 -10 mm -round-shaped nucleus, organellum rich citoplasm -20 -40 % of whit blood cells Functions: cells of the specific (humoral and cellular) immunity Subtypes: B- and T-lymphocytes NK cells (against tumor cells) activated lymphocytes increase their cytoplasm and r. ER

Blood vessels

The vascular system, vessel wall

Histology of circulatory system • Tunica intima • Tunica media: • Tunica adventitia: capillary arteriole

Lymphoid organs

Tonsils In the mucosa, local immunological protection Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring: pharynx, palate, auditory tube, root of the tongue Epithelial covering depends on the location and lymphoreticular tissue, no sinuses

General structure of the tonsils http: //udspace. udel. edu/handle/19716/1999 Follicles Interfollicular area Tonsillar crypts Lymphoid infiltration with macrophages Reticular epithelium Discontinous lamina basalis

Lymph flow: aff. lymph vessels, subcapsular sinuses, cortical sinuses, intermediate or trabecular sinuses, medullary sinuses, terminal sinuses. During the passage the lymph is filtered and modified by the immune cells. Finally lymph is collected by the efferent lymphatics.