Blood Typing Karl Landsteiner Vienna physician Nobel prize

Blood Typing

Karl Landsteiner • Vienna physician • Nobel prize in Medicine in 1930’s • Classified human blood into types A B AB O

Antigens • chemical that stimulates an immune response cells produce antibodies • for protection • AKA: agglutinogen

Antigens • found on surface of RBC (50 different kinds!) • immune system recognizes them as normal • designated –Type A and Type B

Antigens • antigens are inherited from a mother and father

Antibodies • protein that B-cells of the immune system produce in response to the presence of a non-self antigen • build up in blood plasma shortly after birth • AKA: agglutinins

Antibodies • FOR attacking surface antigens on RBC of a different blood type

agglutination • clumping of RBC’s from a reaction between RBC surface molecule antigen and protein antibody • Hemolysis

• Blood Types are based on Antigen PRESENT on RBC surface!

Type O

Frequency in population • Type O+ 38% • Type A+ 36% • Type B+ 9% • Type AB+ 3%

Frequency in population • Type 0 • Type A • Type B • Type AB- 6% 5% 2% >1%

Blood Donations

Typing and Cross Matching • Compatibility must be determined! • Immune serum Anti-A and Anti-B are used • Cross Matching: testing for agglutination of donar RBC by recipients serum and of recipients RBC by donar serum

Universal Recipient • Type AB • lacks both antibodies A and B

Universal Donar • Type O • lacks both antigens A and B

Effects of mismatched blood • • Anxiety Difficulty breathing Facial flushing Headache Neck and chest pain Lumbar back pain Pink urine

Rh factor • Named after Rhesus monkey • 8 different alleles for Rh factor • Most important is “D” • If present, Rh + • If absent, Rh –

Rh Antibodies ? ? ? • Present only if sensitized to them • From transfusion • From pregnancy – If Dad is Rh- and Mom is Rh+ the offspring could stimulate Mom’s body to form anti-Rh antibodies concern for FUTURE pregnancies • Erythroblastosis Fetalis (hemolytic Disease of newborn) • Treatment for Mom Rho. GAM