Blood Types and Blood Transfusions Class Starter 1

Blood Types and Blood Transfusions Class Starter: 1) What are the different blood types that exist? 2) What determines what type of blood you have? 3) Why can you die if you were to receive an incompatible blood type?

What determines the different blood groups? Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs n A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific proteins) attached to RBCs n The different blood types are not spread out equally in the population

Blood Types • The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or negative • Rh present = positive (+) • Rh not present = negative (-) • This gives us 8 blood types: • A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+

Blood Types Blood Group A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ O- Antigen

Blood Types Blood Group A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ Antigen A, Rh A B, Rh B A, B, Rh A, B Rh O- none

Blood Transfusions • People who have blood diseases and others who require extensive surgery must receive blood transfusions • A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into a person • This requires: – a donor, the person who gives the blood – a recipient, the person who receives the blood

Fact: • In the 19 th century, many blood transfusions resulted in the recipients dying. • Why? • We now understand that there are specific antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood • If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will attack the donor’s antigens resulting in blood coagulation and possible death

Blood Types Blood Group Antigens (surface) • The antigens on your A+ A, Rh RBCs will determine AA the antibodies that B+ B, Rh circulate in your blood BB, • The antibodies in your blood are the opposite AB+ A, B, Rh of the antigens on your AB A, B RBCs O+ Rh ONone Antibodies (in plasma)

Blood Types Blood Group Antigens (surface) Antibodies (in plasma) • The antigens on your A+ A, Rh B RBCs will determine AA B, Rh the antibodies that B+ B, Rh A circulate in your blood BB, A, Rh • The antibodies in your None blood are the opposite AB+ A, B, Rh of the antigens on your AB A, B Rh RBCs O+ Rh A, B ONone A, B, Rh

Draw a picture to represent the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group Blood Group Antigens Blood Group A+ AB+ A- AB - B+ O+ B- O- Antigens

Blood Compatibility rules • Main rule: – The recipient’s blood cannot contain any antibodies that match the antigens on the donors red blood cells • Tricks – Similar blood types can always give blood to eachother – + blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types – – blood types CAN give blood to + blood types • Universal donors: can give blood to anyone = type O- (because it has no antigens) • Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone = type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)

Blood Types Blood Type AA+ BB+ ABAB+ OO+ Can donate to: Can receive from:

A O AB B

How to determine what blood type a person is? n A person’s blood group is determined by mixing a drop of his or her blood with 3 different commercial serums (solutions with dissolved antibodies) n Anti- A serum n Anti-B serum n Anti-Rh serum n If agglutination (coagulation) takes place (small dots appear)it means that the RBCs have antigens matching that specific serum. n By determining which antigens are on the surface of the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is

How to determine what blood type a person is? • Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination • Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination • Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination – Sample X is blood type: A-

Determining blood groups

Blood Typing Activity • • Bottle 1 = Mr. Smith Bottle 2 = Mr. Green Bottle 3= Ms. Brown Bottle 4= Mr. Jones

Blood types • Blood typing game • Quiz • Lab activity

CREATING VACCINES web • PBS nova: • BIO TERROR home page: http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/ • Creating a vaccine GAME: http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/va ccines. html