Blood The Function and Composition of the Blood

Blood The Function and Composition of the Blood Types Blood Disorders and Diseases

The Blood Pg. 141 The Function and Composition of Blood

Functions of the Blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Formed Elements • liquid portion of blood (plasma) • red blood cells (erythrocytes) – carry oxygen • white blood cells (leukocytes) – immune response • platelets (thrombocytes) – clot © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Physical Properties of Blood • blood volume – 4– 5 liters of blood • taste – salty • color – bright red from artery – dull red from vein © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Plasma • liquid portion of blood • 90% water ~ maintained by kidneys and water intake/output • 8% plasma proteins – Fibrinogen (blood clotting) – Albumin (product of liver; maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume) – Globulin (synthesis of antibodies and blood coagulation) • 2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, metabolic waste products © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Composition of Blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Formation of Blood Cells • Hematopoiesis – manufacturing new blood cells – occurs in red bone marrow • lymphatic tissue *some white blood cells* – develop from stem cells • Erythropoiesis – manufacturing new red blood cells – occurs in red bone marrow of all bones until adolescence • after, only formed in short and flat bones © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) • • disk-shaped 7– 8 micrometers in diameter enucleated (contain no nucleus) hemoglobin – – red pigment protein molecule, globin, and iron compound, heme binds with oxygen more abundant in males than females • recycling – red blood cells live 120 days – phagocytosis–RBCs recycled – hemolysis–RBCs broken open © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Characteristics of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • Granulocytes (Granules present when stained; Live only a few days) – Neutrophils • first responders • perform phagocytosis • kill bacteria and fungi – Eosinophils • allergic reactions • destroy parasitic worms • control allergic responses – Basophils • produce and release histamine • allergic reactions © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Characteristics of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • Agranulocytes (No granules present when stained; lifespan of few days to several years) – Lymphocytes • B cells produce antibodies • T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses – Monocytes • perform phagocytosis • live longer than neutrophils • morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Platelets (Thrombocytes) • aid in hemostasis – stops bleeding • steps of hemostasis – vessel wall injury and constriction – platelet aggregation – platelet plug formation and coagulation – blood clot formation and retraction © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Process of Hemostasis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 10: The Blood Pg. 143 Blood Types

Blood Types • A, B, AB, and O • inherited from parents • determined by presence, or absence, of blood protein called agglutinogen or antigen on surface of red blood cell – people with blood type A have the A antigen • protein present in plasma known as antibody or agglitinin – people with blood type A have B antibodies © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Blood Types © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Importance of Blood Typing Blood Transfusions • agglutination – clumping of RBCs • universal recipient – blood type AB+ • universal donor – blood type O- © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Rh Classification System • Human red blood cells also contain the Rh antigen aka Rh factor • Found on the surface of red blood cells • Rh-positive individuals – have Rh factor antigen on RBCs – 85% of North Americans • Rh-negative individuals – do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs – 15% of North Americans • Rh factor complications – erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh– mother, Rh+ fetus) • drug Rho. GAM given to mother within 72 hours of delivery © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 10: The Blood Pg. 145 Blood Disorders and Diseases

Complete Blood Count • detects blood disorders or diseases © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Blood Disorders and Diseases • • • anemia jaundice hemophilia polycythemia leukemia multiple myeloma © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Anemia • decrease in number of RBCs • insufficient amount of hemoglobin • acquired anemia – deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease • inherited anemia – genetic makeup © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Acquired Anemias • iron-deficiency anemia – insufficient dietary intake of iron, bleeding from intestinal worms, or pregnancy • aplastic anemia – damage to stem cells in bone marrow caused by toxins, radiation therapy or chemotherapy, infectious disease, or heredity • pernicious anemia – intestines can not absorb vitamin B 12 • anemias caused by chronic disease (rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, chronic infections, cancer) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Inherited Anemias • sickle cell anemia – RBCs have abnormal shape – crises–painful episodes • Thalassemia/Coole y’s anemia – cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin – no natural way for blood to eliminate iron © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Jaundice • yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes • excess bilirubin • from breakdown of RBCs • possible liver damage • occurs in newborns © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Blood Disorders • Hemophilia – Inherited; sex-linked – blood does not clot properly • Polycythemia – overproduction of RBCs – causes thick blood • Thrombocytopenia – number of platelets is decreased – blood does not clot properly © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Leukemia • cancer of the blood • acute lymphocytic leukemia – over production of lymphocytes • acute myeloid leukemia – too many myeloblasts • chronic lymphocytic leukemia – high level of lymphocytes • chronic myeloid leukemia – too many granulocytes © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.