Blood System The heart pumps about 1 million

Blood System

The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood in a lifetime.

Blood l What is Blood? Blood is a fluid tissue containing many suspended cells and can be found flowing through the circulatory system transporting substances. l History of Blood http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Wrg 51 W 7 d. Ic l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CRh_d. Az. Xuo. U

The Transport System l l l l O 2 from the lungs to the body cells CO 2 from body cells to the lungs Nutrients from digestive tract to body cells Metabolic & Waste Products from body cells to the organs of excretion Heat produced by various body parts Hormones from endocrine glands to body organs Apart from the transportation of substances, blood also serves to protect the body against pathogens.

Blood Composition l Blood Composition The average human being has 5 liters (4 -6 Quarts) of blood in the body. l Composed of RED BLOOD CELLS l WHITE BLOOD CELLS l PLATELETS l

Blood The Blood (Hem/o or hemat/o) l l Blood is composed of l 55% liquid plasma & 45% formed elements. Formed elements are: Erythrocytes also known as red blood cells (RBC), l Leukcocytes also known as white blood cells (WBC), l Platelets l

Blood Plasma Liquid part of blood; contains nutrients, wastes and hormones 91% water, 9% proteins Fibrinogen & prothrombin are clotting proteins to help blood clot and control bleeding

Erythrocytes (erythr/o = red + -cyte = cell) l Also called red blood cells (RBC’s) l Contains hemoglobin (hem/o = blood + -globin = protein) which is iron containing portion of erythrocyte l Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body l Live about 120 days

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes (leuk/o = white + -cyte = cell) l Also called white blood cells (WBC’s) l Protect body against infection l Natural Killer cells l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HNP 1 EAYLh. Os&feature =fvwp&NR=1

Leukocytes v There • • • are five types of leukocytes: Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Think: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Leukocytes 1. Neutrophils – majority of WBC’s, fight infection by phagocytosis (engulfing & swallowing germs). Elevated count indicates a bacterial infection (strep, staph, etc. . ) video

Leukocytes l 2. Lymphocytes – formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen; protect body against disease. l Provide immunity to the body by developing ANTIBODIES. l Target TUMOR cells.

MONOCYTES l Monocytes – Also formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. Help protect against disease, an elevated count usually indicates a chronic (long-term) condition l Phagocytize bacteria and foreign material. l Produce ANTIHISTAMINES.

EOSINOPHILS Eosinophils – formed in red bone marrow, increase in response to allergic conditions (ex - allergic reaction, asthma, etc…) Increase in response to ALLERGIC conditions. Attack TOXINS.

Leukocytes Basophils – promote inflammatory (IMMUNE) response, elevated basophils count may indicate an allergic condition (ex. -allergic reaction, asthma, etc…)

Thrombocytes (thromb/o = clot + -cyte = cell) l l l Also known as platelets Smallest formed elements in the blood When blood vessel is damaged, platelets become sticky and clump together to form a clot http: //sacs. vetmed. ufl. edu/histo/29 b_sm. gif

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Blood Types l l Four major types: A, B, AB, and O Groups are based on whether A and/or B antigens are present on red blood cells In type O, both A & B antigens are absent In type AB, both A & B antigens are present

Blood Types Cont‘d. Blood Type Can Donate To Can Receive From A A, AB A, O B B, AB B, O AB AB A, B, AB, O O (only) (universal recipient) O (universal donor)

Rh Factor The Rh Factor l l l People are either Rh positive or Rh negative If you are Rh positive, you have the Rh antigen If you are Rh negative, you do not have the Rh antigen It is important to know Blood Type and Rh factor if a patient is going to receive blood

The ABO System l What is the ABO system? The ABO system consists of people with blood groups A, B, AB or O. l A mix-up in the blood types during transfusion could be fatal to the receiver as the blood would agglutinate within him forming numerous blood clots eventually leading to death. l What is the Rhesus Factor? Irregardless of our blood type, we all have a pair of rhesus genes. Depending on whether we are rhesus positive or negative, the rhesus factor will affect our heredity line.

Blood System Disorders Aneurysm l weak spot in the wall of an artery, it to balloon out and somerupture (usually fatal due to l causes times blood loss) http: //www. thevisualmd. com/health_centers/cardiovascular_ health/aneurysm/what_is_an_aneurysm_video http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18072. jpg Arteriosclerosis (arteri/o = artery + -sclerosis = hardening) l Hardening of the arteries which reduces blood flow through the artery

Blood System Disorders Cont’d Varicose Veins l Abnormally swollen veins usually occurring in the legs http: //www. vascularweb. org/graphics/northpoint_graphics_jpg/graphics_miscellaneous/VV. jpg Thrombus l blood clot attached to inside wall of vein or artery Embolus l blood, air, fat or other substance circulating in the bloodstream. An embolism would be the blockage of the blood vessel by the embolus.

Blood Disorders Cont. l l l Leukemia is a form of cancer affecting White Blood Cells (leukocytes), which have a main role in the body's protection from disease. Malignant disease of bone marrow or lymph tissue resulting in large numbers of immature WBCs Different types of Leukemia (Acute and Chronic types) Symptoms: fever, pallor, swelling of lymph tissue, fatigue, anemia, excessive bruising, bleeding gums, joint pain Treatments: (varies with type) can include chemotherapy, radiation, and bone marrow transplants

Blood Disorders l l Anemia is the most common disorder of red blood cells. It decreases the count of the red blood cells or the number of red blood cells per unit blood. Inadequate number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin or both. Common symptoms of anemia are dizzy spells, weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia depression and pallor (paleness).

Blood System Disorders Cont’d Sickle Cell anemia l genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin l abnormally shaped red blood cells (sickled instead of round) l interferes with normal blood flow through the body http: //www. humanillnesses. com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img 0234. jpg

Blood Disorders Cont. Hemophilia Haemophilia is a heredity disease that tends to only affect males. There are many types of haemophilia. Some individuals experience life-threatening bleeding due to simple surgeries such as a tooth extraction or circumcision. If left untreated, it could prove life-threatening to the individual and a small bump on the head could cause bleeding in the skull and cause brain damage. Diagnosis for haemophilia can be done through laboratory tests to confirm the extremely slow coagulation of blood. Treatment involves transfusing whole blood or plasma, and administering the missing protein factor.

Blood Disorders Cont. l Septicemia –Septic (Blood Poisoning) Septicemia is usually a complication of an infection where the foreign particle involved escapes into the bloodstream.

Blood System Disorders Cont’d Cholesterol l fatty substances (lipids) that travel in the blood. l Certain levels of cholesterol are normal and important for good health l An abnormal condition exists when the cholesterol levels are above normal levels. Three kinds of cholesterol – LDL, HDL, Triglycerides l Low density lipoprotein (bad kind) – contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries causing a narrowing for blood flow

Diagnostic Tests Pulse Oximeter l External monitor that is applied to the finger to measure oxygen in blood saturated with oxygen l Normal is above 96% (blood saturated with oxygen) Arterial Blood Gases l Measurement of other gases in blood (in addition to oxygen) l The gas dissolved in liquid part of blood l Blood gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Treatments / Procedures Medications l Statins l l l Used to lower bad cholesterol and raise good cholesterol Examples – Lipitor, Vytorin, Zocor, Pravachol (have you seen commercials? ? ) Anticoagulants l l Slows blood clotting and prevents new clots from forming Examples – aspirin, coumadin, heparin, plavix (have you seen these commercials? ? Such as Ty Pennington promoting aspirin? )

Treatments / Procedures Blood Transfusion l Transfusing whole blood or blood components (packed cells, etc. . ) into a patient. l The blood must be carefully matched (A, B, AB, or O as well as Rh+ or Rh-) or the patient may suffer a severe reaction. l Blood is tested for diseases like HIV and Hepatitis before transfusion so the disease is not spread to the recipient of the blood.

Treatments / Procedures Medications Cont’d. l Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t. PA) l l l Clot dissolving enzyme used for immediate treatment of heart attack and stroke victims. Breaks down the clot which reduces the damage to the heart (in heart attacks) and the brain (in stroke patients) Many billboards and commercials relating to prompt treatment for heart attacks and strokes. Aimed at encouraging patients to seek treatment quickly so drugs can be effective.

Blood System Abbreviations l. P – pulse l BP – blood pressure l RBC – red blood cells l WBC – white blood cells l LDL – low density lipoprotein l HDL – high density lipoprotein l ABG – arterial blood gas l t. PA – tissue plasminogen activator

Career Opportunities l Hematologist (hemat/o = blood + -ologist = specialist) l l specializes and treats disorders of the blood Phlebotomist l Takes patient blood samples and prepares them for testing in the lab http: //healthcare. maricopa. edu/images/PHLEB. jpg l Medical Laboratory Technologist (MT) l l Works under the supervision of pathologist to study tissues, fluids, and cells in the human body Medical Laboratory Assistant l Prepares specimens for testing and helps clean and maintain laboratory equipment.

Additional Activity http: //nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner /

Blood Trivia http: //www. givelife 2. org/games/trivia. asp