Blood Sugar Regulation Pancreas Pancreas Pancreas Two cell
Blood Sugar Regulation
Pancreas
Pancreas
Pancreas Two cell types to produce: 1. 2. digestive enzymes – exocrine acini hormones – islets of Langerhans 1 – 2% of pancreas are the islets of Langerhans
Islets of Langerhans Two hormones are produced: 1. insulin – beta cells 2. glucagon – alpha cells blue = cell nuclei green = insulin red = glucagon
Insulin Function When is insulin released? after eating hyperglycemia decreased blood sugar beta cells increased glucose uptake glycogen production in liver cellular signals for insulin release
Glucagon Function What does glucagon do? breaks down glycogen hypoglycemia increased blood sugar alpha cells glucose release from liver glucose production in liver cellular signals for glucagon release
Blood Sugar Diseases Three types of diabetes: 1. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1 2. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2 3. Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Mellitus – Type I also known as juvenile diabetes Cause Symptoms Treatment
Diabetes Mellitus – Type II formerly known as adult-onset diabetes Cause Symptoms Treatment
Diabetes Insipidus Cause Symptoms Treatment
Canadian Connection Frederick Banting & Charles Best �Nobel Prize – 1923 �insulin isolation �tied off ducts to digestive tract �cell producing digestive enzymes shrivelled �only islets of Langerhans remained
Hormone Structure �Insulin �peptide hormone glucagon �peptide hormone
Stress Regulation
Adrenal Glands adrenal – “next to” the renal system Two main sections: 1. adrenal cortex long-term stress 2. adrenal medulla short-term stress
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex Long-term stress sends ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) pituitary ACTH Produces two types of hormones: 1. glucocorticoids 2. mineralcorticoids adrenal cortex
1. Glucocorticoids class of steroid hormones for glucose regulation �specific example: cortisol What happens when you’re stressed out? � � �
2. Mineralcorticoids class of steroid hormones for mineral regulation �specific example: aldosterone What happens when you’re stressed out?
Adrenal Medulla Short-term stress detected by hypothalamus Produces two hormones: 1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline) � both compounds are examples of catecholamines, which are also neurotransmitters
Hormone Structures epinephrine �hydrophilic norepinephrine �hydrophilic
Flight-or-Fight Response What’s your response? �increased heart rate �increased breathing �blood vessel dilation more O 2 delivery �iris dilation collect maximum visual information �these responses are induced by catecholamine release
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