Blood Parasites by dr Fatma khalifa Blood parasites
Blood Parasites by dr /Fatma khalifa
• Blood parasites 1 Babesiosis
Defination • It is infectious disease caused by , intraerythrocytic protozoan of the genus Babesia , transmitted by ticks and affected wide range of domestic and wild animals. • It is the most important Arthropode borne disease in cattle worldwide. • Babesiosis Causing significant morbidity and mortality in cattle raised in tropical and subtropical regions.
There are several synonmys for Babesiosis 1 Red water disease. 2 Piroplasmosis. 3 Texas cattle fever. 4 Tick fever.
Epidemology 1 -Etiology. 2 - Source of infection. 3 - Host susceptible. 4 - Transmission. 5 - prevalence of the disease. 6 - pathogensis. 7 - clinical signs.
1 -Etiology • Protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia of family Babesiidae in order piroplasmida. • The principal species of Babesia that cause Babesiosis are : Babesia bovis Babesia bigemina Babesia divergens • Babesia bovis is more virulant than Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens.
2 -Sources of infection 1 -Infected animals. 2 - Infected ticks. 3 - Asymptomatic carrier (subclinical carrier) that have recovered from acute disease or young animal. 4 - Instrument which infected by contaminated blood such as (needle , syring ……etc).
3 - host susceptible • Babesia infected wide range of domestic and wild animals. • Babesia parasite is host specific. Cattle : Babesia bovis , Babesia bigemina , Babesia divergens. Equine : Babesia equi. Sheep &goat : Babesia ovis. Human : Babesia microti.
Host Susceptible Factors influencing susceptibility of the animals: • Most cases of Babesiosis are seen in Adults animals. • Animals younger than 6 months usually remain asymptomatic.
4 -Transmission 1 -Arthropode act as a disease vector to transmit an infectious agent to a vertabrate host as follow :
Transmission Babesia bovis Babesia bigemina transmitted by • Rhipicephalus microplus • Rhipicephalus annulatus Babesia divergens Transmitted by • Ixodes ricinus
Transmission 2 - Mechanical transmission. 3 - Blood transfusion from infected animal. 4 - transplacenta transmission seem to be accidental and rare
6 - pathogenesis • Babesia have a two life cycle : a- Asexual cycle in vertabrate host. B- Sexual cycle in Ticks. • When the infected tick feeds on the blood of vertabrate host , Babesia enters erythrocytes at the sporozoite stage then pass within different changes which explain in the following :
Pathogensis Sporozoite Merozoite Trophozoite (Ring shape) Tetrad strucure coined (Maltese cross form)
Pathogenesis Tetrad structure of Babesia merozoite cause rupture to red blood cell and release of parasite in blood. Then , merozoite enter to another red blood cell or taken by ticks during blood feeding. In the gut of ticks complete its maturation and the gametes are fertilized. Then migrate to the salivary glands and become ready to spread to other vertabrate host.
5 - prevalence of the disease • prevalence of babesiosis is affected by : 1 - the quantity of parasites enter the animal’s body during the feeding of ticks. 2 - Tick have very specific enviromental requirements of humidity (>80%). 3 - Disease occurance typically has a two seasonal distribution with a peak between April to June and another peak from August to October.
Prevalence of the disease • Babesia bovis persists in cattle for years but Babesia bigemina survives for few months. • Tick , if not removed from the animals , stay attached for three to four days with longer periods of feeding.
Incubation Period After direct inoculation of parasite during blood feeding of ticks , the incubation period are : 10 -12 days for B. bovis 4 -5 days for B. bigemina
6 - Clinical signs 1 - Fever. 2 - Anorexia. 3 - Increase heart rate and respiratory rate. 4 -Haemoglbinurea. 5 - Anemia. 6 - pale mucous memranes then icteric. 7 - nervous mainfestation in Cerebral Babesiosis 8 - Respiratory mainfestation with dyspnoea in severly affected animal.
Post-mortem lesion 1 - The carcass may contain ticks. 2 - Jaundic. 3 - Spleen is enlarged with soft pulpy consistency. 4 - Liver is enlarged and dark brown in color. 5 - Urinary bladder contains reddish urine. 6 - Kidenys are enlarged. 7 - sever congestion in brain.
Diagnosis 1 -Case history from owner. 2 - Field diagnosis , • Presence of ticks in animal’s body. • Haemoglobinurea. • Anemia. • Anorexia.
Field diagnosis : Presence of ticks in animal body
Field diagnosis presence of ticks in animals
Diagnosis 3 - Laboratory diagnosis : • Blood film stained by Giemsa stain , appear of babesia in RBCs. • Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). • Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA). • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 4 - Inoculation of blood in susceptible animal. Inoculation of 500 -100 ml of blood S/C or I. V in calf from tick free area then detect babesia in blood.
Laboratory diagnosis Appearance of Babesia in red blood cell
Differential diagnosis 1 - From the diseases that causes : Haemoglobinurea (Leptospirosis, Post-parturient haemoglobinurea, Chronic copper deficiency, Bacillary haemoglobinurea). 2 - From disease cause : Haemolytic anaemia : Anaplasmosis.
differance Babesiosis Chronic copper deficency Bacillary haemoglobin urea Susceptiblility At summer months At any time of year During summer and autumn months Blood film Positive pyriform bodies NO NO Fecal smear NO NO Fashciola egg NO NO Dark red foamy urine Clear red urine NO NO Stem pipe red urine Ticks Present NO Leptospirosis Postparturient haemoglobinu rea Restricted to calving cows at the 3 rd to 6 th lactation NO
Control programme Tick control Chemothrapy Vaccination
Tick control Use of Acaricides as organophoshorus compounds by spraying , dipping , dusting or washing of animals. Diazinon 1/1000. Nugavon 1. 5/100. Repeated according to type of ticks as follow : • 20 days for one host ticks. • 10 days for two host ticks. • 3 -4 days for three host ticks.
Treatment SPECIFIC DRUGS : q. Imidocarb dipropionate salt 12% (Imizol): – 1 ml/100 Kg B. W. S/C. q. Quinuronium sulfate 5% (Acaprine): – 1 ml/ 50 kg B. W. S/C. q. Diminazine aceturate 7% (Berenil): q. Deep 1. 05 gm vial dissloved in 12. 5 ml – 3 -5 ml/kg B. W. I/M. q. Supportive treatment q. Liver supporative therpy
Vaccination Using whole blood from carriers. Using of irradiated babesia or serially passaged babesia (culture babesia ).
premmunition • Immunity to babesiosis. • Condition of mild harmless subclinical infection in which the protozoan are present in few numbers. • State of suppressed activity which stimulate the protection against infection by the same species of babesia. Exposure of such animals to any form of stress causes recurrence of clinical disease.
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