Blood parasites 2 Theileriosis byFatma khalifa Defination Theilerioses

Blood parasites 2 -Theileriosis by/Fatma khalifa

Defination • Theilerioses are a group of tickborne diseases , OR group of protozoan pathogens causing severe Lymphatic proliferative disease in cattle. • Caused by Theileria species , transmitted by blood sucking insect and characterized by fever , anemia , jaundic , enlargment of superficial lymph nodes and corneal opacity.

synonmys for Theileriosis • • • East Coast Fever Theileriasis African Coast Fever Tropical Theileriosis Mediterranean Coast Fever Mediterranean Theileriosis January Disease Zimbabwean Tick Fever Corridor Disease

Etiology • genus: Theileria • Suborder: Piroplasmorina • obligate intracellular parasites Both Theileria and Babesia are members of the suborder Piroplasmorina. For cattle and buffalo : • T. parva, and T. annulata, Theileria parva is usually highly pathogenic , causing high levels of mortality. For Sheep and goats : • T. lestoquardi (formerly T. hirci) is the most virulent species in sheep and goats. • T. separata and the nonpathogenic species T. ovis also occur in small ruminants.

For cattles : East cost fever • Theileria parva Tropical theileriosis • Theileria annulata

For sheep and goats : Theileria lestoquardi (T. hirci) causing sever disease with high morbidity and mortality rate.

Distrubution T. parva (East Coast fever) is found in sub. Saharan Africa. T. annulata (tropical theileriosis), occurs from southern Europe and the Mediterranean coast through the Middle East and North Africa, and into parts of Asia

Transmission cycle Infected animals Transmission Ticks

Transmission Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Theileria parva genus Hyalomma Theileria annulata Theileria ovis Thelieria lestoquardi Thelieria separata

Host susceptible • T. parva can infect cattle and buffalo. • T. annulata occurs in cattle, yaks, water buffalo and camels. • T. lestoquardi, T. separata, T. ovis and other species occur in sheep and goats.

Factors influencing in susceptiblity • The disease in calves is mild in enzootic areas. • The disease occurs seasonally in summer and autumn.

pathogenesis • Species in this group undergo exoerythrocytic merogony in the lymphocyte , macrophage erythroblasts and other cells of the internal organs.

Pathogensis and life cycle

Pathogesis and. Life cycle • Theileria use WBCs and RBCs for completion of their life cycle in mammalian hosts. • The infective sporozoite stage of the parasite is transmitted in the saliva of infected ticks during they blood feed to the host. • Sporozoite invade WBCs and within a few days develop to schizonts. • Development of the schizont stage of theileria (Koch’s bodies) causes the host WBCs to divid. • At each cell division , the parasite also divides , SO , the parasitized cell population expands.

Pathogensis and life cycle • Disseminated throughout the lymphoid system. • Some of the schizonts undergo merogony , lead to releasing of merozoites that infect RBCs, giving rise to piroplasm stage. • Uptake of piroplasm infected RBCs by vector ticks feeding in infected animals is the beginning to a complex cycle of development in transmission of infection by ticks feeding.

Clinical signs They range from inapparent or mild to sever and fatal. Incubation period : 1 -3 weeks. 1 - Fever , reach to 41 c and continues throughout the course of infection. 2 -Swelling of the lymph node , becomes pronounced and generalized. 3 - Corneal opacity.

Theileria parva East Coast Fever (ECF)

East Coast Fever • Named due to honour of Arnold Theiler which found that East Cost Fever was not the same as Red Water , but caused by a different protozoan. • It is an acute disease of cattle , characterized by fever , swelling of the lymph nodes and high mortality. • The disease and its clinical signs results from infected lymphocytes. • It is a serious problem in East and Southern Africa.

Life cycle

Clinical Signs 1 - generalized lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes ). 2 - fever and anorexia. 3 - loss of condition with decreased milk yield. 4 - Petechiae and ecchymoses may be found on the conjunctiva and oral mucous membranes. 5 - Lacrimation and corneal opacity. 6 - diarrhea and nasal discharge may occurs but less common. 7 - Turning sickness can occur when the parasites in cells block the blood vessels in the brain and causes brain damage and neurological signs.

Clinical signs • The disease usually results in death but is very uncommon. • Animals that recover from East Coast fever often become asymptomatic carriers, but some animals have poor productivity and their growth is stunted.

Theileria annulata Tropical Theileriosis

Tropical theileriosis Mediterranean theileriosis Egyptian fever , Egyptian Theileriosis • It is a Theileriosis of cattle from the Mediterranean and Middle East area , from Morocco to western parts of India and China. • It is a tick borne disease , caused by Theileria annulata and transmitted by Hyalomma species. • The disease is considered as “Benign” in comparison of East coast fever.

Clinical signs 1 - Increase body temperature than any other cattle disease (from 41 -42 c ). 2 - From day 5 to day 10 of the clinical onset , temperature will lower to a normal range (38 to 39. 5 c ). but the disease continue to progress and appetite improved 3 - from day 10 to day 15 there is downfall stage with hypothermia (37 -38) anemia , jaundic and heart failure. Such animals rarely recover even with intensive treatment.

Clinical signs 4 - Lymph nodes are enlarged. 5 - difficult breathing and weight loss (degree of anemia). episodes of blood from nose. Others signs , but not seen in in all cases are : 6 - blood tinged diarrhea or with obvious blood clots. (may be seen in the late stage). 8 - grinding of teeth. 9 - haemorrhage in occular and vaginal mucous membranes.

General lymphadenopathy

Clinical signs 1 - Increase body temperature than any other cattle disease (from 41 -42 c ).

Clinical signs 2 - From day 5 to day 10 of the clinical onset , temperature will lower to a normal range (38 to 39. 5 c ).

Clinical signs Diarrhea with obvious blood clots

Clinical signs • Neurological signs have been documented in some terminally ill water buffalo, but “turning sickness” does not seem to be a feature of Tropical Theileriosis in cattle. • Abortions can be seen.

Diagnosis 1 - Case history. 2 - Clinical signs. 3 - Sample aspirated from the local draining lymph node then stained with Giemsa staine showing infected lymphocytes contain Koch’s body blue. 4 - Blood film with Giemsa staine showing piroplasms (merozoites) in RBCs as :

East coast fever Brown ear ticks (Rhipicephalus ) attached to the animal’s ear

Diagnosis Theileria parva rod shape. Theileria annulata round , oval , ring shape. 5 - Haematological examination , There decrease WBCs , RBCs and HB. 6 - Serological technique as ELISA

Koch’s blue bodies

Treatment • Buparvaquone (Butalex): – 1 ml /20 kg BW by im (2. 5 mg/kg BW) – Two doses required in severe infection with at least 48 hr apart • Halofuginone lactate (terit): – 1. 2 mg/kg BW orally (two doses) • parvaquone (clexon) – 10 -20 mg/kg BW IM – Two doses required in severe infection with at least 48 h apart • Oxytetracycline : 20 mg/kg BW im

Control and prevention • Control of ticks. • Treatment of infected animals. • Vaccination : Schizont or sporozoite vaccines.

Tick control