Blood Lymphatic System and Immune System dr Sri

Blood, Lymphatic System and Immune System dr. Sri Lestari Sulistyo Rini, MSc

I. Function A. Transport • nutrients • oxygen/carbon dioxide • waste B. Maintaining Homeostasis • hormones C. Protection • immune system II. Composition of blood A. Plasma

• 91% water • 9% suspended material Proteins: Albumin – most abundant ->water regulation Globulins – transport steroid hormones Fibrinogen – formation of clots B. Formed elements Derived from hemocytoblast stem cells 1. Erythrocytes (RBC) • transports gases • 1/3 volume hemoglobin

• Production: Erythropoietin from Kidney (liver) Red bone marrow Iron required • RBC cycle 120 days Damaged RBC – liver and spleen Macrophages • Hemoglobin breakdown Heme (iron) globin (protein)

Heme Iron Bone marrow Biliverdin liver Bilirubin – bile pigment 2. Leukocytes (WBC) no hemoglobin/has nucleus immune response hormones: interleukins and colony-stimulating (CSF)

a. Neutrophils • granulocyte • most numerous • phagocytic cells (lysosomes) b. Eosinophils • granulocyte • 1 -3% • control inflammatory & allergic response c. Basophils • granulocyte • least common • histamine (inflammatory) / heparin (prevents clots)

DARAH n n Eritrosit Leukosit 1. Granulosit n n n 2. Agranulosit n n n Neutrofil Eosinofil Basofil Limfosit Monosit Trombosit (platelet)

d. Monocytes • • • agranulocyte largest WBC after 3 days -> macrophages phagocytes with lysosomes ingests larger objects than Neutrophils e. Lymphocytes • agranulocyte • cells of the immune system • B cells (antibodies) / T cells immune response

3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • fragments of megakaryocytes • hormone: thrombopioetin • blood clotting/ mend blood vessels C. Hemostasis 1. Platelet plug • platelets bind to damaged vessel wall • release chemical for more platelets • platelets release serotonin (constriction) 2. Blood clot • damaged vessel releases Thromboplastin

trombosit –- terpapar kolagen Adhenosin diphospat (ADP) dan tromboxan trombosit agregrasi di daerah luka

Proses pembentukan protombin : jalur instrinsik dan ekstrinsik protombin menjadi trombin mengubah fibrinogen fibrin

Retraksi bekuan –- luka menutup Plasminogen plasmin ---fibrinolisis

• Thromboplastin w/ platelets & calcium Prothrombin Thrombin • Thrombin acts on fibrinogen (in plasma) fibrin threads • fibrin threads create mesh III Human blood groups A. ABO blood type 1. Antigens (proteins) on RBC 2. Antibodies against other antigens

B. Rh blood type 1. Antigens on RBC • Rh positive – has antigens • Rh negative – no antigens 2. Antibodies against Rh • Rh negative individual – antibodies after Rh+ encounter 3. Pregnancy • Rh neg w/Rh+ fetus • blood from fetus -> into mother’s blood • 2 nd pregnancy w/Rh+ fetus -> antibodies attack

Functions of the Immune System n The function of the immune system n Protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances. n Combining form: IMMUN/o immune, protected and safe n

Functions of the Lymphatic System n Three primary functions: n Return excess lymph (interstitial) fluid to the blood. n Absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the cells. n Functions as part of the immune system to defend the body against foreign organisms.

Structures of the Immune System n n Immune system is not contained with in a single organ or vessel Immune system depends on structures from n Lymphatic system n Cardiovascular system n Integumentary system

Structures of the Lymphatic System n Major structures of the lymphatic system: • Lymph vessels Lymph nodes • Lymph fluid Tonsils • Adenoids Spleen • Thymus Lymphocytes

Lymphatic System n n Lymph Fluid n intercellular Lymph Vessels n Lymph Capillaries > Lymph vessels n Right lymphatic duct & Thoracic Duct n Lacteals

Lymph Capillaries and Lymph Vessels n n Lymph Capillaries: thin walled tubes that carry lymph from the tissue spaces to the larger lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic Vessels: n Have valves to prevent the backward flow of fluid n Lymph always flows toward the thoracic cavity.

Lymph Fluid n n Clear, colorless tissue fluid that leaves the capillaries and flows in the tissue spaces between cells. Lymph fluid brings nutrients and hormones to the cells. Carries waste products from these tissues p. H 7, 00

limfe mengalir dari cairan interstitial melalui pembuluh limfe thoracic duct right lymph duct Berakhir di vena subclavia limfe masuk dalam darah ductus limphaticus kanan bagian kanan dari thoraks, leher dan kepala, sisanya Ductus thoracicus. Limfe membawa lemak dan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak absorbsi dari traktus gastrointestinal

Lymph Nodes n 3 functions of the lymph nodes n Produce lymph cells (lymphocytes) n Filter lymph and trap substances from inflammatory and cancerous lesions. n Macrophages: located in lymph nodes can engulf and destroy foreign substances.

Lymphatic System • Cervical • Axillary • Inguinal

Major Lymph Node Sites n n Cervical lymph nodes: located in the neck (CERVIC/o neck) Axillary lymph nodes: located under the arms. (AXILL/o armpit) Inguinal lymph nodes: located in the groin area of the lower abdomen. (INGUIN/o groin) Appendix & Peyer’s patches: specialized lymph nodes located in the intestines.

Mucosal NALT BALT ** *# *** GALT # RALT *** The secondary lymphoid organs can be sub-divided into the Systemic (***) and Mucosal immune systems

Tonsils and Adenoids n Tonsils and Adenoids: masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.

Pharyngeal tonsil

Spleen n n Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue Produces lymphocytes and monocytes Filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. Stores red blood cells Maintains appropriate balance between cells and plasma in the body

Immune System Defense n First Line of Defense n n Skin (Intact) free of cuts, scrapes, or open sores. Skin is a physical barrier to prevent entry of invading organisms

Immune System Defense n Respiratory system is also a primary line of defense n n n foreign matter that is breathed in is trapped by cilia (nose hairs) mucus secreted continually flushes away foreign matter. Coughing and sneezing removes matter also.

Immune System Defense n Digestive system has a protective function also. n Destroys bacteria and other invaders that are accidentally allowed or consumed with food.

Figure 8 -42

Surface barrier / mucosal immunity - Sekret dari lapisan kulit yang asam p. H <7, 0 - Saliva, air mata, sekret hidung yang mengandung lisozim - Cairan lambung yang asam 0, 9< p. H > 3, 0 dan enzim pencerna protein.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions n n Antigen: any substance such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin that the body regards as foreign. Antigens stimulate the production to antibodies. Antibodies: is a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of a specific antigen.

Antigen – Antibody Reaction n The antigen – antibody reaction is also known as the Immune Reaction. n Binding antigens to antibodies to form antigen antibody complexes that render the toxic antigen harmless.

Lymphocytes n n Major class of white blood cells that specialize so they can attack specific microorganisms. 3 types of lymphocytes n n n Monocytes: Macrophage Histocytes

Monocytes n n n Lymphocyte formed in the bone marrow Transported to other parts of the body Become macrophages

Macrophages • • Type of lymphocyte Protects the body by ingesting the invading cells.

Histocytes n n n Large macrophages Found in loose connective tissue Two major types n T-Cells n B-Cells

B Cells /Plasma Cells n n Produced in bone marrow. Designed to make a specific antibody against a specific antigen (antibody specifically coded to match one antigen) - Effective against most free floating agents

B Cells or B lymphocytes >Plasma Cells> secrete antibodi Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin D

Complement n n n Series of complex proteins occurring in normal serum. In an antigen - antibody reaction complement aids phagocytes in the destruction of antigens. LYSIS: destruction of a cells by penetrating the cell wall, allowing fluid in, causing the cell ruptures.

T Cells n n n T cells are small, circulating lymphocytes Produced in bone marrow T-cells live for years Primary function is to coordinate immune defense and kill. Responsible for graft rejections.

Types of T Cells n n n Helper T cell: secrete substances that stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells. Suppressor T cell: stops B-cell activity when this activity is no longer needed. Memory T cell: remembers specific antigen and stimulate a faster and more intense response if the antigen returns.

T Cells or T lymphocytes n n Interferon Lymphokines Macrophage Phagocyte

Interferon n Produced by T-cells Family of proteins released by cells when invaded by a virus. Interferon induces non-infected cells to form an antiviral protein that slow or stops the viral multiplication.

Lymphokines n n n Chemicals produced by the T cells Direct the immune response between cells. Attract macrophages to the site

T lymphocytes become CD 4+ or helper T cells, or they can become CD 8+ cells, which in turn can become killer T cells, also called cytotoxic T cells.

Immune System in Action n Stage One n viruses invade body to invade cells and replicate. n Macrophages eat invading viruses n helper T cells activated.

Immune System in Action n Stage Two n Helper T cells multiple n Helper T cells attract complement to the areas n Helper T stimulate multiplication B cells start producing antibodies

Immune System in Action n Step Three n Complement proteins break open cells invaded by the virus and spill the viral content n Antibodies produced by the B cells inactivate the viruses.

Immune System in Action n Stage Four n Suppressor T cells halt the immune response n B-cells remain ready in case the same virus invades again

Immunity n n Natural Immunity Acquired Immunity / Artificial Immunity

Natural Immunity n n Natural Passive Immunity: passed from mother to child before birth or immediately after birth through breast milk Natural Active Immunity: Obtain by the development of antibodies during an attach of an infectious disease. (Example: chicken pox. )

Acquired Immunity n n Artificial Active Immunity: process of artificially acquiring immunity through vaccination. (Immunization) Artificial Passive Immunity: Acquired by receiving antiserum containing antibodies from another host. (Example: Snake bite)

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