Blood Lymph and Immune Systems Blood hemo and
Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems
Blood • • hem/o and hemat/o plasma - 55% formed elements - 45% serum - plasma without clotting proteins 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 2
Blood Cells • RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis • WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis • Platelets - thrombocytes thrombopoiesis 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 3
Erythrocytes • erythr/o - red • cyte - cell • Hemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygen • Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte • RBCs produced by red bone marrow 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 4
Leukocytes • leuk/o - white • Protect the body against invasion • Pass through capillary walls 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 5
• Granulocytes • neutrophils (phagocytosis) • eosinophils (allergies) • basophils (promote inflammation) • Agranulocytes • lymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies) • monocytes (macrophages) • Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess. 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 6
Thrombocytes • • smallest formed element made in bone marrow essential to blood coagulation In case of injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot. 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 7
Plasma • plasma • 92% water • 8% plasma proteins • albumin • globulin • fibrinogen • serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 8
Functions of the Immune System • To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances • pathogenic microorganisms • allergens • toxins • malignant cells 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 9
Structures of the Immune System • Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels • Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems • Works primarily through antigenantibody reaction 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 10
Lymphatic System • Major structures • lymph vessels • lymph nodes • lymph fluid • tonsils • Also • spleen • thymus 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 11
Functions of the Lymph System • lymph/o • drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the blood • transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cells • carry away waste products to the blood • transport lipids away from digestive system • control of infection 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 12
Lymph System • Lymph originates in blood plasma • Interstitial fluid • cleans and nourishes body tissues • collects cellular debris, bacteria • return to blood or lymph capillaries 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 13
Lymph Nodes • located in lymph vessels • small round or oval structures (filters) • depositories for cellular debris • bacteria and debris phagocytized 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 14
Lymph Nodes • inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes) • almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 • invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 15
Spleen • • sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue filter for lymph phagocytic cells hemolytic 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 16
Thymus • lymphatic tissue • mediastinum • primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity • The mediastinum is the "middle" section of the chest cavity 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 17
Tonsils • masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph • located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination • any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance • should not be removed unless absolutely necessary. 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 18
Antigen-Antibody Reactions • Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin) • Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen • Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 19
WBCs for Immune Reactions • monocytes - type of leukocytes • formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body • become macrophages • macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cells • lymphocytes - major class of WBCs • formed in lymphatic tissue 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 20
Lymphocytes • T cells or T Lymphocytes • mature in thymus gland • Cell mediated immunity • B cells or B Lymphocytes • mature in bone marrow • antibody-mediated immunity 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 21
T Cell or T Lymphocyte (Cell Mediated Immunity) • T Cell (cell mediated immunity) • circulating lymphocytes • produced in bone marrow • matures in thymus • live for years • primary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 22
Lymphocyte: T Cells • helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune system • Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 23
Blood Groups • Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs • A - A antigen • B - B antigen • AB - both AB antigens • O - no AB antigens 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 24
• Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen • Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction. 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 25
Rh Factor • Rh factor is antigen present on RBC • Rh positive and Rh negative • Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rhpositive fetus. • hemolytic disease of the newborn • prevented with Rho. GAM 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 26
Immunity • Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease • Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 27
Factors That Influence Immune System • Health • Age • Heredity 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 28
Anemias • Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced • symptom of disease • erythropenia • Hypochromasia (hypochromia) • Hematocrit • Hematocrit: proportion of blood volume occupied by RBCs 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 29
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years • AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease • After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur. 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 30
Autoimmune Disorders Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues. Multisystemic involvement. Myasthenia gravis (MG), rheumatoid arthritis MG is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 31
Edema • Hypoproteinemia • lowers osmotic pressure within blood • large amounts of plasma pass out of blood • poor lymph drainage • increased capillary permeability • congestive heart failure • localized edema, ascites 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 32
Hemophilia • • • 3/1/2021 Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting hematomas hemarthrosis Dr Atef Masad 33
Infectious Mononucleosis • Acute infection caused by virus. • Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising. • transmitted by droplet infection • Infection confers permanent immunity • Treatment symptomatic 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 34
Oncology, the study of tumors • Metastasis, Metastasize • Carcinoma • Malignant Melanoma • Adenocarcinoma • Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc. ) • Osteosarcoma • Myosarcoma • Myeloma myelo-, bone marrow 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 35
Leukemia • Major oncological disorder of bloodforming organs • malignant cells replace healthy bone marrow cells • acute myelogenous leukemia • acute lymphocytic leukemia 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 36
Hodgkin’s Disease • Malignant disorder • Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly • Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 37
Kaposi’s Sarcoma • Malignancy associated with AIDS • lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules 3/1/2021 Dr Atef Masad 38
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