BLOOD GROUPS FACTS ABOUT BLOOD GROUPS THE MOST
BLOOD GROUPS
FACTS ABOUT BLOOD GROUPS • THE MOST IMPORTANT BLOOD GROUP IN THE U. S. IS THE ABO GROUP • 3 ALLELES FOR THIS GROUP: A, B & O • A PERSON CAN ONLY INHERIT 2 ALLELES (GENES) FOR THIS
POSSIBLE GENE COMBINATIONS GENOTYPE (alleles) PHENOTYPE (actual blood type) AO A A AA BB BO B B AB AB OO O
Antigen • In immunology, an antigen is a substance that evokes the production of one or more antibodies. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a key
Antibody • An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses • So the foreign antigen is the “bad guy” and the antibody is the molecule your body uses to fight the foreign antigen
• Serology – the study of antigen – antibody reactions
Laboratory Examination Individualization • The surface of a RBC contains antigens • Antigen (Ag) – a glycoprotein that stimulates the body to produce antibodies (Ab) against it • Antigens impart bloodtype characteristics to the RBC
Laboratory Examination – ABO and Rh system
Meaning they have the following blood type
Rh Factor
Laboratory Examination – ABO and Rh system • The population distribution of blood types varies with location and race throughout the world • In the US, a typical distribution:
FREQUENCY OF BLOOD TYPES A B AB O 41 % 10 % 4% LEAST COMMON 45% MOST COMMON
UNIVERSAL DONOR: THE BLOOD TYPE THAT CAN BE GIVEN TO ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES. TYPE O- IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR. UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR: THE BLOOD TYPE THAT CAN RECEIVE ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES. TYPE AB+ IS THE UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR.
Rh FACTOR • THE Rh FACTOR IS ANOTHER ANTIGEN (PROTEIN) THAT CAN BE FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF SOME RBC’S • PEOPLE WITH THIS PROTEIN ON THEIR RBC’S ARE Rh+ • . • PEOPLE WHO LACK THIS PROTEIN ARE Rh-.
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS • A HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORNS. • THE RESULT OF Rh INCOMPATIBILITY • THE MOTHER IS Rh- & THE FATHER IS Rh+ • BOTH HEMOLYSIS & AGGLUTINATION WILL RESULT
BROKEN RBC IMMATURE RBC (NUCLEATED) NORMAL RBC
WHAT DISEASE CONDITIONS WOULD YOU EXPECT THIS BABY TO HAVE AT BIRTH? • ANEMIA • JAUNDICE
WHAT IS THE Tx FOR THESE BABIES? A COMPLETE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
PREVENTION? • RHOGAM: CONTAINS ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES • HOW IS IT ADMINISTERED? • INJECTION • WHEN IS IT ADMINISTERED? • DURING THE PREGNANCY & WITHIN 72 HOURS AFTER DELIVERY.
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