BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT CHAPTER 2 THE TRANSPORT

BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT CHAPTER 2

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS � The human blood circulatory system consists of the heart, a network of blood vessels and blood � The functions : 1. 2. 3. To transport nutrients, oxygen and water To transport carbon dioxide and waste product To bring hormones to the whole body

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) � The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system � Each complete circuit, the blood must flow through the heart twice � The pulmonary circulation – transports blood between the heart and the lungs. � The systemic circulation – transports blood between the heart and other parts of the body

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) � The Heart � Organ that pumps blood throughout the body by its alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) � Wall of the heart � Cardiac muscles � Oxygen and nutrients are supplied to the cardiac muscles by coronary arteries � Can be divided to four chambers � auricles/ atrium (upper chambers) � ventricles (lower chambers)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) � Septum � Divides the heart into the right and left halves � Walls of atrium is thinner than the ventricles � Tricuspid valve � Between right atrium and right ventricles � Mitral/ Bicuspid valve � Between left atrium and left ventricles � Semilunar valves � Beginning of aorta and pulmonary artery

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) Blood vessels Charateristics Artery Vein Function Carries blood away Carry blood to the from heart Connects artery to vein Wall Thick muscular wall Thin muscular wall Very thin wall, only one cell thick Lumen Narrow Very Narrow Fairly wide Capillary

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) Blood vessels Charateristics Artery Vein Capillary Valves Absent (except in pulmonary artery) Present Absent Rate of blood flow Quick rate, high pressure Slow rate, low pressure High rate, high pressure Oxygen content Oxygenated blood (except in pulmonary artery) Deoxygenated blood (except in pulmonary veins) Oxygenated blood to the tisse Deoxygented blood from the tissue

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) � Path 1. 2. 3. 4. of blood flow Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs by the pulmonary vein to the heart. Oxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the aorta and arteries to the whole body. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the whole body by the vein and vena cava to the heart. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONT’D) Blood transport substances in our body Substances Example Transport from Transport to Oxygen Lungs Tissues Carbon dioxide Tissues Lungs Liver Kidneys Glucose Small intestine Liver and tissues Amino acids Small intestine Liver and tissues Calcium Small intestine Bones and teeth Iron Small intestine and liver Bone marrow Respiratory gases Excretory products Urea End products of digestion Mineral salts

HUMAN BLOOD � Blood – A mixture of liquid blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, blood platelets, and dissolved substances. � 55% is plasma and 45% is blood cells

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Plasma : � Liquid – pale yellow colour � Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. Transport digested food, mineral salts and vitamins to the body cells Transport waste substances like carbon dioxides, water, urea Maintain the p. H of the blood Maintain body temp at 37°C

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Blood Cells � Made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. � Produced in bone marrow � Old red blood cells and platelet is destroyed in the liver or spleen.

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Round, biconcave Irregular shape, fragments of cells No nucleus Big nucleus No nucleus Life span – 120 days Life span – 2 to 4 days Life span – 4 days Transport oxygen Protect body against diseases Blood clotting

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Blood group � Based on ABO system � There are four main groups called A, B, AB, and O. � Blood transfusion � Donor’s blood must be compatible with the recipient's blood. � If incompatible, agglutination will occur – can cause fatal blockages in the recipient’s blood vessels.

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) Donor’s blood O A B Recipient’s blood O A B AB Compatible Incompatible AB

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Blood O can safely donate blood to anyone. �Universal donors � Blood AB can safely receive blood from anyone �Universal recipents

Blood type Population percentage (approx. ) O 40. 77% A 31. 79% B 21. 98% AB 5. 51%

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Blood donation: � Treatment for accident cases, canser victims, haemophiliacs, gastrointestinal bleeding, surgery, childbirth.

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Storage and handling of donated blood: � Collected in sterilised container contained anticoagulant solution � Tested for ABO group � Screening for HIV, hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases � Date of expiration should be added

HUMAN BLOOD (CONT’D) � Storage � Blood and handling of donated blood: can be stored for 10 days at 5°C – longer if glucose is added � Blood can be stored for 42 days under refrigeration, or up to 10 years of frozen � Frozen plasma can be kept for up to one year � If frozen, plasma and red blood cells should be thawed in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 38°C

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS � Wilting � Occurs in non-woody plants � Rate of loss of water is greater than the intake of water � Cells lose their turgidity (stiffness) and the plant droops

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Transpiration � Evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plants

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Stomata � Pores stems in the epidermis of the leaves and

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Stomata �A pair of bean- shaped guard cells bound each stoma. � Most stomata open during the day and close at night.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Function � Allow of stomata : gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf. � During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide diffuse into the leaf and oxygen diffuse out to the atmosphere. � During transpiration, water vapour will diffuse out when the stomata opens.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) Factors affecting transpiration rate: Light stimulates the opening of stomata – increase transpiration. Temperature Water molecules move faster in hot air – when temperature increase, transpiration rate increase Humidity High relative humidity reduce rate if transpiration. Wind increase the rate of transpiration. Water availability Short supply of water will cause the stomata to close – reduce water loss Altitude Increasing altitude cause pressure decrease, rate of transpiration increase.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Roles of transpiration � Produce pulling force which enables to transport water and minerals from roots to all parts of the plant � To cool the plant

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Vascular tissues of a plant � Two types of vascular tissues ; xylem and phloem.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Xylem � Transport water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves � Provides supports for the plants � Consists mainly of vessels – elongated tubes with thick walls, strengthened by lignin

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D) � Phloem � Transport synthesized food � Consist mainly of sieve tubes. � Sieve tubes – living cells without nucleus. � Transverse walls are perforated by pores – sieve plates. � Each sieve tubes has a companion cell

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONT’D)