Blood Bright Scarlet to dull brick red depending

Blood Bright Scarlet to dull brick red depending upon how much oxygen there is. Average person has 5. 5 Liters (6 quarts) 2 Parts = nonliving and living

Nonliving • Plasma transports substances & distributes heat • • • Fluid matrix Nutrients Hormones Proteins p. H 7. 35 – 7. 45 -90% Water -dissolved gases -wastes -salts

Living • Erythrocytes (red blood cell) • Leukocytes (white blood cell) • Thrombocytes (platelets)

Erythrocytes • Biconcave disc transports oxygen-bound to hemoglobin • Anucleated – 100 -120 day lifespan; rbc outnumber wbc 1000 to 1

Red Blood Cell – Biconcave Disk

Anemia • Is a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood • Normal: – Number – 4. 5 -5. 5 million cells/mm – Hematocrit (% of rbc in blood) – packed cell volume 42 -47% – Hemoglobin – 12 -18 g/100 ml

Hematocrit

2 ways to be anemic • 1) Decrease in the amount of functioning rbc – Examples: – Hemorrhagic anemia – Hemolytic anemia (rupture of erythrocytes) – Aplastic anemia (destruction of red marrow)

2) Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin the rbc containcells become enlarged • Examples: –Iron deficiency anemia –Sickle cell anemia –Pernicious anemia (deficiency in B 12)

Sickle Cell Anemia

Blood Types • Different blood groups are classified on the basis of specific proteins called antigens that are on the surface of rbc

Types: • A antigen = A blood type • B antigen = B blood type • A and B antigen = AB blood type • O blood type= absence of A antigen and B antigen

• If a person is given incompatible blood, plasma antibodies will attack the foreign antigens leading to a transfusion reaction

Transfusions • O is the universal donor since there are no antigens on the cells • A, B, and AB can only receive their exact type, but can receive O • O can only receive O. The antigens on A, B, and AB would cause a reaction

Rhesus Blood Typing • Rhesus blood typing = Rh • Rh+ means you have the antigen • Rh– means you don’t have the antigen

Rh- and Rh+ Interactions • If an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, 1 st time they will become sensitized to it and begin producing antibodies. • 2 nd time, an immune reaction occurs and antibodies will attack the Rh+ blood

Erythroblastosis fetalis • There are problems in pregnancy if an Rh– mom has her 2 nd Rh+ baby • The baby will suffer erythroblastosis fetalis -cause anemia and hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Can cause brain damage and death • Rho. GAM-an injection given to a pregnant mom after her first pregnancy if the baby is Rh+ to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in the next baby

Leukocytes • White blood cell (wbc), nucleated • Mobilize to fight foreign bodies, migrate to the site of inflammation • Attracted by chemical signals from the injured cells

Types: • Granulocytes • Agranulocytes

Granulocytes • Granules, lobed nuclei (3 types listed below)

• Neutrophils – fine granules, 3 -7 lobes, deep purple, increase during infections (55 -65%) • Eosinophils – large granules, bi-lobed, increase during allergy attacks (1 -3%) • Basophils - few large purple granules, u or s shaped nuclei stains blue, granules contain histamine (a vasodilator), and heparin (an anticoagulant) (0. 5%)

Agranulocytes • No granules, oval nuclei • Are wbc

Lymphocytes • Large, dark purple • Spherical nucleus, immune cells • B type produce antibodies (memory cells) • T type activate B, reject grafts • Fight tumors and virus (20 -35%)

Monocytes • Gray cytoplasm • Dark blue kidney shaped nuclei • Active phagocytes (eat foreign bodies) • Long term clean up • Found in chronic conditions (3 -8%)

Leukemia • There are different types • Acute leukemia is the more serious type that usually affects children • Chronic leukemia is seen more often in elderly patients

What Happens in Leukemia? • In all leukemias, the red bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes, and immature wbc flood the bloodstream. Anemia and severe bleeding are a result. • Symptoms-fever, weight loss, bleeding problems, anemia and bone pain

Thrombocytes (platelets) • Cell fragments • Small, irregular • Function in blood clotting 250, 000 -400, 000/mm

Hemophilia • Hemophilia refers to bleeding disorders that are inherited on the X chromosome. In hemophilia, there is a lack of clotting factors. • People who have hemophilia have to avoid trauma. Hemophilia causes patients to bleed internally. It is a very painful disease, but has treatment.

Clots • Thrombus= clot attached • Embolus= clot free floating • Some embolus clots can travel to the lungs or brain, and can be lethal depending on size and location

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Blood Transfusions • Used when blood loss is rapid (can be due to genetic disorders or trauma) • In other cases, infusions of packed rbc help to restore oxygen carrying capacity • Blood banks take the donated blood and mix it with anticoagulants.