BLOOD BLOOD TYPES AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Class Starter
BLOOD
BLOOD TYPES AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Class Starter: 1) What are the different blood types that exist? 2) What determines what type of blood you have? 3) Why can you die if you were to receive an incompatible blood type?
WHAT DETERMINES THE DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS? Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs n n A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific proteins) attached to RBCs The different blood types are not spread out equally in the population
BLOOD TYPES The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or negative Rh present = positive (+) Rh not present = negative (-) This gives us 8 blood types: A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+
Blood Group A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ O- Antigen
Blood Group Antigen A+ A, Rh A- A B+ B, Rh B- B AB+ A, B, Rh AB- A, B O+ Rh O- none
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS People who have blood diseases and others who require extensive surgery must receive blood transfusions A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into a person This requires: a donor, the person who gives the blood � a recipient, the person who receives the blood �
FACT: In the 19 th century, many blood transfusions resulted in the recipients dying. Why? We know understand that there are specific antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will attack the donor’s antigens resulting in blood coagulation and possible death
ANTIBODIES Blood Group Antigens (surface) A+ AB+ A, Rh A B, Rh B- B, AB+ A, B, Rh AB A, B O+ Rh ONone Antibodies (in plasma) The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs
Blood Group Antigens (surface) Antibodies (in plasma) A+ AB+ A, Rh A B, Rh B B, Rh A B- B, A, Rh AB+ A, B, Rh AB A, B O+ Rh O- None Rh A, B, Rh
DRAW A PICTURE TO REPRESENT THE ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES PRESENT IN EACH BLOOD GROUP Blood Group Antigens Blood Group A+ AB+ A- AB - B+ O+ B- O- Antigens
BLOOD COMPATIBILITY RULES Main rule: � The donor’s blood cannot contain any antigens that match the antibodies on the recipients red blood cells Tricks � Similar blood types can always give blood to each other � + blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types � – blood types CAN give blood to + blood types Universal donors: can give blood to anyone = type O- (because it has no antigens) Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone = type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)
Blood Type AA+ BB+ ABAB+ OO+ Can donate to: Can receive from:
A O AB B
HOW TO DETERMINE WHAT BLOOD TYPE A PERSON IS? q q A person’s blood group is determined by mixing a drop of his or her blood with 3 different commercial serums (solutions with dissolved antibodies) q Anti-A serum q Anti-B serum q Anti-Rh serum If agglutination (or coagulation) takes place, small dots appear. This means that the RBCs have antigens matching that specific serum. q By determining which antigens are on the surface of the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is.
Example: Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination � Sample X is blood type: A-
CREATING VACCINES WEB PBS nova: BIO TERROR home page: http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/ Creating a vaccine GAME: http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines. ht ml
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