Blood AEJ 1 INTRODUCTION Blood is a sticky

Blood. AEJ 1

INTRODUCTION Ø Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste. ØBlood is the body’s only fluid tissue ØColor varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen-poor) Øp. H of blood : 7. 35– 7. 45(Alkaline) ØAverage volume of blood is 5– 6 L for males, and 4– 5 L for females ØViscosity: 5 times more than AEJwater 2

Components AEJ 3

Blood Plasma (55%) Cellular elements(45%) Water (91%) Solids (9%) RBC Inorganic(1%) Na+, k+ , ca 2+, Cl- , Hco 3 -, mg+ WBC Platelets Organic(8%) Non protein nitrogenous substances(1%) Plasma is straw yellow in color plasma proteins (7%) AEJ 4

Non protein nitrogenous compounds. Ø Derivatives of food. Normal value: 28 -40 mg/dl Eg: Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine, Ammonia, Cholesterol , Glucose. AEJ 5

Plasma proteins. (6. 4 -8. 3 gm/dl) Albumin(55%)(3 -5 gm/dl) Globulin(38%)(2 -3 gm/dl) Pre albumin. Fibrinogen Albumin. (7%)0. 3 gm/dl) α β (13%) (14%) γ (11%) Prothrombin AEJ (40 mg/dl) 6

Cellular components AEJ 7

B o Undifferentiated Pluripotent stem cell n e Myeloid stem cells lymphoid stem cells m a Megakaryocyte Granulocyte precursor Lymphoid stem cells r Erythrocyte precursor Monocyte precursor r o w Lymphocyte in Lymphoid tissue Platelets RBC Granulocytes AEJ Circulation Monocyte Lymphocytes 8

Red blood cells (RBC)/Erythrocyte. Normal size: 7. 2μm Shape : Biconcave disc , Anucleate, essentially no organelles. Normal value: Males: 5 -6 million cells /cu mm of blood. Females: 4 -5 million cells /cu mm of blood. At birth: 6 -7 million cells / cu mm of blood. Life span is about 120 days. AEJ 9

White blood cell(WBC)/Leucocytes. Normal value: 4, 000 -11, 000 cells/ cu mm of blood Granulocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Agranulocytes Monocyte Lymphocyte Large AEJ Small 10

Neutrophil: ü Normal value: 40 -70% ü Normal size: 12 -14 μm ü Color of cytoplasm: Slight violet. ü Granules take both eosin and blue color. ü Size of the granules: Very fine sand like granules. ü Nucleus: Multi-lobed (1 -6 lobes). AEJ 11

Eosinophil: § Normal value: 1 -6% § Normal size: 12 -14 μm § Color of cytoplasm: Eosinophilic. § Size of the granules: Large, coarse , pinkish red granules. § Nucleus: Bilobed nucleus. (Spectacle shape) AEJ 12

Basophil: v Normal value: 0 -1% v Normal size: 12 -14 μm v Color of cytoplasm: Appear blue. v Size of the granules: Few , large and coarse, Overlying the nucleus. v Nucleus: Bilobed, not clearly seen. AEJ 13

Monocyte: • Normal value: 2 -10% • Normal size: 15 -22 μm. • Color of cytoplasm: Grey blue. • Granules: Absent. • Nucleus: Single, Usually Kidney /Horse shoe Shape. AEJ 14

Lymphocytes: Normal value: 20 -45% Normal size: Large: 12 -16 μm. Small: 7 -10 μm. Color of cytoplasm: Clear sky blue. Granules: Absent. Nucleus: Large : Single large occupies 3/4 th of the cell. Small: Single large occupies almost whole of the cell. AEJ 15

Platelets: Normal value: 1. 5 -4 lakh cells/ cu mm of blood. Normal size: 2 -4 μm. AEJ 16

Functions of blood: 1. Nutritive function: Transport of nutrients to different parts of the body. 2. Respiratory function: Transport of gases (oxygen and carbon di oxide). 3. Excretory function: Transport of metabolic waste products from the different part of the body to the excretory organs. 4. Transport function: Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies etc. AEJ 17

5. Protective function: • • • Neutrophil, Monocyte-Phagocytes. Lymphocytes , γ globulins-Initiate immune response. Eosinophil, Basophil: - Detoxification, Disintegration and removal of foreign materials. 6. Homeostatic function: Maintain the internal environment. 7. Maintenance of body temperature: 8. Plasma protein function: Exerts osmotic pressure Acts as a reservoir for proteins Help in transportation of substances 9. Storage function: Water , electrolytes , protein. AEJ 18