Blind spot of cattle Cows have a wide

Blind spot of cattle Cows have a wide filed of vision, they can look backwards without moving their heads because their eyeballs are located on the sides of their heads. Cows have a blind spot Located behind them

Approaching to Cattle

ﺍﻻﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ MONOCULAR VISION Mononuclear vision MONOCULAR VISION

BINICULAR VISION

the safest way to approach an animal • Always let them know that you are there, you can talk to them, touch them gently on the rump or side. • Never slap or punch an animal. Slapping or punching can trigger kicking and aggression. • Approaching from the right side on which they are milked (near side).

cow’s body language by looking at her tail

Kick Zone

flight zone • A flight zone or safety zone is the space around a cow where she feels safe. • Moving into this zone will cause the animal to move away • The size of the flight zone depends on the tameness of the animal. In dairy cows, it is about two meters.

Restraining ( securing ) of cattle • The beef cow more difficult to handle than the dairy cow as the dairy cow is used to handling by humans on a daily basis. Beef cows are not used to handling or restraint and have only limited interaction with humans. However, you will need to be careful in either case to prevent injury

• Cattle tend to be less fearful than horses so you can usually approach them without much fear

A- stanchions

B- HALTERS It is mainly used to control the head and once the head is controlled, the animal can be handled with relative ease

C- Seizing on the nasal septum

• If there is no assistant , the operator standing on the cow's right side, first seize the right horn with his left hand before grasping the septum nasi with right hand

D- Bull (Nose) ring • A nose ring is a ring made of metal designed to be installed through the nasal septum of domestic cattle, usually bulls. These are made of 2 halves circles metal pieces hanged together.

Types • a-Ordinary bull ring: Have 2 blunt edges, bull puncher is required for piercing the septum nasi. • b- Self piercing bull ring It has one sharp end for piercing the septum nasi and other blunt edge

Bull puncher

Time of use: Bull rings applied as a permanent securing instruments to the bull at 6 -9 months of age with maximum 12 months (one year) of age. Before 6 months the septum nasi is fleshy and large amounts of blood may be lost during piercing and after 12 months, the septum nasi under goes ossification of its cartilage and this make it difficult for piercing.

Nose lead (bull-tongs )

The bull can be cross-tied by attaching two lead ropes to the ring and tying them to opposite poles of the stanchion

Bull Leader Bull leader may be used to lead a powerful bull with bull rings

E-securing (restraining) of forelimb 1 - lifting by hand…… as in horse 2 - rope passing over wither

• A rope with an eye in one end is used to form a loop around the pastern. The other end of the rope passes over the withers where is should be held by an assistant

F- securing (restraining) of hind limb I. prevent an animal from kicking II. Restraint of dairy cattle during examining the udder 1 - Raising the hind limb

2 - Cow strap, hock strap or kicking straps - double rope is applied above the hock in 8 shape manner

3 -Anti-cow kicker & tail holder -Two metal clips applied to the Achilles tendon - short chain in front of hock - small clips on left side to fix tail

4 -TAIL JACK Holding the tail upward and forward, this method is used for the short examination. Lift the tail gently but firmly, taking care to keep the tail in line with the spine and not deflect out to either side

5 - Udder –kinch - this method used for the lactating animals - Pass end of a rope behind the udder and bring the ends up on either side of the cow inside the hind leg then the rope is pulled tightly toward the cow's left side

6 - Ruff's method

• a running noose is made at one end of a 10 m long rope and passed around the base of the horns. In the case of polled animals, the noose can be placed around the neck. A half hitch is made around the neck, the second around the heart girth, and passed back and looped around the animal at flank region • This method also can be used for casting

RESTRAINING TECHNIQUES FOR SHEEP AND GOATS

Catching and holding Sheep and Goats • Sheep and goats are easily to catch in an enclosure. • Move toward the animal slowly and catch the one you want by the leg or horn • Ewes and does with lamb or kids are best caught by first catching their young ones. This method can be employed in both open and in an enclosure.

Restraining sheep and goat for Examination.

• keep a gentle pressure with the hand under the jaw with the left arm to prevent forward movement and the right arm around its back will stop backward movement

Restraint for drenching straddle method

• Restraining a sheep or goat in-between the legs with one hand supporting the head. The method demonstrated above is an excellent way to treat large flocks

Casting of Animals • Definition: Casting means throwing animals on the ground. It is usually avoided to cast animal except for inevitable purposes, and when the gain is higher than the risk. • Learning objectives: 1. For animals to be controlled for a long time, such as performing some of surgical operations as castration, dehorning, branding. 2. As a method of securing for special examination, when examination in standing position is impossible 3. For helping mares in case of dystokia or cow in case of torsion of uterus. 4. For trimming overgrown claws in cattle 5. For slaughtering of animals in the abattoir.

Choice site of casting • The best place is the grass field. Site must be roomy, soft and free from any contaminating materials and sharp foreign bodies as nails, stones, etc. • Heavy layer of bedding material such as clean straw. • In veterinary hospitals using beds with casting mattress having smooth surface.

Precautions before casting 1. Animal should be fasted at least 12 hrs before casting to prevent rupture of full stomach or pressure on adjacent organ or diaphragm (here is danger of injury to distended digestive organs). 2 - Pregnant animals should not be cast except in very necessary cases such as correction of tortion of uterus.

3 - Very vicious animals cannot be easily roped for casting. Use of narcotic agents or a tranquillizing drug is recommended for such animals. 4. Also it's common to give the horse a tranquillizing drug (chloropromazine or largactil) followed narcotic or anesthetic agents before operation. 5. Apply stable bandage to legs to protect limbs.

6 -Apply tail bandage applied to protect tail and prevent its confusion with casting ropes. 7 -Remove bridle, or any bit in its mouth and halter instead. 8 -Never cast late pregnant animals except for helping delivery. 9 -Shoes should be removed before casting if hoof to be examined 10 -Extreme weather should be avoided 11 -Adequate number of assistant must be available (4 -5), 2 persons on casting ropes, one on head, and another on shoulder rope and the other on tail. • NB: Remember when casting animals that both the animal and people can get injured so try to do it safely.

Casting in cattle 1 -Ruff’s method

2 - Alternative method • - It is used for casting cattle • - Articles used are soft rope of 10 -15 meters length, and shoulder rope, but using a double rope. • The animal will crouch and sink to the ground if the free ends of the rope are pulled backwards.

Casting in horse 1 - Parker's method in horse • It is used for casting animals for castration • Article used in this method: 3 - 5 meters soft rope, a shackle and shoulder rope Fig. 3. 3 A- Parker's Method of Casting— the first rope applied, shoulder rope applied to pull the horse off balance. Fig. 3. 3 B- A rope applied to hind leg to Secure it.

2 -Stuttgart method • - It is used for casting animals for castration • - Article used in this method: two (3 -5 meters) soft ropes, 2 shackles and shoulder rope. • Fig. 3. 4—Stuttgart Method of Casting—the ropes adjusted.