Blending recap Visible seams edges that should not

Blending recap Visible seams – edges that should not exist, should be avoided. People are fairly insensitive to uniform intensity shifts or gradual intensity shifts.

Morphological Operation What if your images are binary masks? Binary image processing is a well-studied field, based on set theory, called Mathematical Morphology Slides from Alexei Efros

Preliminaries

Basic Concepts in Set Theory A is a set in , a=(a 1, a 2) an element of A, a A If not, then a A : null (empty) set Typical set specification: C={w|w=-d, for d D} A subset of B: A B Union of A and B: C=A B Intersection of A and B: D=A B Disjoint sets: A B= Complement of A: Difference of A and B: A-B={w|w A, w B}=

Preliminaries

Dilation and Erosion Two basic operations: • A is the image, B is the “structural element”, a mask akin to a kernel in convolution Dilation : (all shifts of B that have a non-empty overlap with A) Erosion : (all shifts of B that are fully contained within A)

Dilation

Erosion

Erosion Original image Eroded image

Erosion Eroded once Eroded twice

Opening and Closing Opening : smoothes the contour of an object, breaks narrow isthmuses, and eliminates thin protrusions Closing : smooth sections of contours but, as opposed to opning, it generally fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs, eliminates small holes, and fills gaps in the contour Prove to yourself that they are not the same thing. Play around with bwmorph in Matlab.

Opening and Closing OPENING: The original image eroded twice and dilated twice (opened). Most noise is removed CLOSING: The original image dilated and then eroded. Most holes are filled.

Opening and Closing

Boundary Extraction