Blasch Precision Ceramics Understanding the Impact of a

The TM Sta. Blox Reformer Tunnel System CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Tunnel Collapse in SMR Scope of Study § A Computational Fluid Dynamics study was performed on a theoretical reforming furnace to determine the comparative results of flow uniformity in flue gas tunnels with and without a standing tunnel in the outer position. § Initial Input Information: ‒ Furnace dimensions: 52. 5’ W x 42. 5’ H ‒ Tunnel internal width: 26” W ‒ Tunnel length: 52. 5’ L ‒ Tunnel height: 72” T ‒ Number of catalyst tubes: 336 ‒ Number of flue gas burners: 96 CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Tunnel Collapse in SMR Scope of Study A Computational Fluid Dynamics study was performed on a theoretical reforming furnace to determine the comparative results of flow uniformity in flue gas tunnels with and without a standing tunnel in the outer position. STUDY CASE 1 Reforming furnace with all tunnels CONFIDENTIAL Study Case 2: Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Tunnel Collapse in SMR STUDY CASE 1 Reforming furnace with all tunnels CONFIDENTIAL STUDY

Tunnel Collapse in SMR A variable fine mesh setting was selected to provide a level of flow detail required for desired outputs. To increase refinement level for this study, a symmetric plane condition was used. CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace with all tunnels Flow trajectories from the CFD results show that a reforming furnace operating with all tunnels will have a flow field covering the entire furnace, as designed. This theoretical reforming furnace could benefit from burner and tunnel port balancing to optimize the overall furnace profile. CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace with all tunnels Uniform residence time is an important aspect of furnace efficiency, as total heat transfer is dependent on time. This graph shows a histogram of the time it takes specific particles to travel from the burners overtop of the outside tunnel row to the furnace exit. CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace with all tunnels A temperature profile inserted vertically in the middle of the outer tunnel shows the flow field of the burners. CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace with all tunnels Temperature data points can be taken along the length of the middle of each tunnel, 18 in above the furnace floor. This graph shows those data points, with right side of x axis representing the exit of the tunnels. CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel Flow trajectories show that a reforming furnace without an outer tunnel will have non uniform flow conditions. Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel Reforming furnace with all tunnels CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel The non uniform conditions shown by flow trajectories result in a wider range on a residence time graph. CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results – Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel A temperature profile inserted vertically in the middle of the outer tunnel shows the flow field of the burners. Reforming furnace without an outer tunnel Reforming furnace with all tunnels CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results Temperature data points taken along the length of the middle of each tunnel are plotted here. Each line represents one tunnel, with the outlier red line coming from the area where an outer tunnel would be. Average temperature inside of tunnels with all tunnels intact: 1753 °F Average temperature inside of tunnels without outer tunnel: 1681 °F Average temperature inside of area where outer tunnel would be: 1537 °F CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Results Gas composition of a SMR is directly related to the temperature. The expected composition can be calculated for a tunnel with all tunnels (@ 1750 °F) and a tunnel without outer tunnel (@ 1730 °F and @ 1681 °F) CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics

Production and Economic Impact Production Impact § This CFD model suggests that the percentage of hydrogen in the gas composition of the furnace output decrease if all the tunnels are not in place, as a result in the decreased furnace temperature. § The percentage of hydrogen could decrease by 9. 7% in the furnace area adjacent to the missing outer tunnel § In a reforming furnace with 8 tunnels, the overall hydrogen output of the furnace could be reduced by 0. 95% Economic Impact § A chemical plant producing 2, 000 MT of ammonia per day could theoretically decrease production by 19 MT; if the primary reforming output is a limiting factor. § At a bulk sale price of $300 / MT, theoretical annual impact of running without an outer tunnel is: $2, 074, 800 CONFIDENTIAL © 2018 Blasch Precision Ceramics