Biotechnology What Is Biotechnology n n Using scientific
Biotechnology
What Is Biotechnology? n n Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
What Is Biotechnology? n n GMO- genetically modified organisms. GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. With both, the natural genetic material of the organism has been altered. Roots in bread making, wine brewing, cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding
What Is Biotechnology? n n Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either n n Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations
What is the career outlook in biotechnology? n Biotech in 1998 n n n 1, 300 companies in the US 2/3 have less than 135 employees 140, 000 jobs Jobs will continue to increase exponentially Jobs are available to high school graduates through Ph. D’s
What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology? n n Multidisciplinary- involving a number of disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome Science n n n Life sciences Physical sciences Social sciences
What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology? n n Mathematics Applied sciences n n n Computer applications Engineering Agriculture
What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development n n n Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering
What Are the Areas of Biotechnology? n n Organismic biotechnology- uses intact organisms; Does not alter genetic material Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals n Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material
What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology? n Medicine n n n n Human Veterinary Biopharming Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Anton van Leeuwenhoek Discovered cells n n n Bacteria Protists Red blood
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Gregor Johan Mendel Discovered genetics
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Walter Sutton Discovered Chromosomes
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Ernst Ruska Invented the electron microscope
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Rosalind Elsie Franklin Research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n James Watson and Francis Crick Discovered DNA
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Mary-Claire King Mapped human genes for research of cancer treatments
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? n n Ian Wilmut Created the first true clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly
What Is Molecular Biology? n n Molecular biology- study of molecules in cells Metabolism- processes by which organisms use nutrients Anabolism- building tissues from smaller materials Catabolism- breaking down materials into smaller components
What Is a Cell? n n n Cell- a discrete unit of life Unicellular organism of one cell Multicellular organism- organism of many cells Prokaryote- cells that lack specific nucleus Eukaryote- cells with well-defined nucleus
What Is a Cell? n Cells are building blocks: n n n Tissue- collection of cells with specific functions Organs- collections of tissues with specific functions Organ systems- collections of organs with specific functions
What Are the Structures in Molecular Genetics? n n Molecular genetics- study of genes and how they are expressed Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that contains heredity information and promotes protein synthesis Gene- basic unit of heredity on a chromosome DNA- molecule in a chromosome that codes genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)? n n Transcription- process of RNA production by DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes DNA information
What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)? n Kinds of RNA: n n m. RNA- RNA molecules that carry information that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein molecule during translation r. RNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal subunits; Mediate the translation of m. RNA into proteins t. RNA- molecules that decode sequence information in and m. RNA sn. RNA- very short RNA that interconnects with to promote formation of m. RNA
What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms? n n Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic information in the cells of organisms Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified GMO- a genetically modified organism GEO- a genetically enhanced organism
How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used? n n n Agriculture Horticulture Forestry Environment Food Quality
How Do We Create Transgenic Organisms? n n Donor cell- cell that provides DNA Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA Protocol- procedure for a scientific process Three methods used in gene transfer n n n Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun Direct gene transfer- enzymes
How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Extract DNA from donor Cut DNA into fragments Sort DNA fragments Recombine DNA fragments Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA Grow transformed
What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology? n n Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology? n Plant breeding methods; n n Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among themselves Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different varieties Selection
Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered? n n n Resist pests Resist herbicides Improved product quality Pharmaceuticals Industrial products
What Is AI? n n n Artificial insemination- the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female Semen is collected from males of desired quality Semen is graded and stored
What Is AI? n n n Female must be in estrus for conception Hormone injections may be used to synchronize estrus Semen is placed in the cervix near the horns of the uterus
What Is a Test Tube Baby? n In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube n n n Semen is collected from males of desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish or test tube
What Is Gender Reversal? n Gender reversal- changing the sex of an animal n n Very young animals receive hormone treatments Most common among selected fish species
What Is Gender Preselection? n Gender preselection- choosing the sex of offspring n n Sperm sorted before conception Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome differences X chromosomes produce female offspring Y chromosomes produce male offspring
What Is Embryo Transfer? n Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient n n Surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can produce more offspring
What Is Multiple Ovulation? n Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova during estrus n n Hormone injections administered prior to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are removed and placed in recipients
What Is Cloning? n n n Clone- new organism that has been produced asexually from a single parent Genotype is identical to parent Cells or tissues are cultured
How Are Hormones Used in Animal Production? n Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a response in another part of the body n Released by endocrine glands into blood system n Hormones are identified, functions determined, and isolated n Used to increase growth and production rates n b. ST- promotes milk production in cows n p. ST- promotes lean meat production in swine
What Is Bioremediation? n n n Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve environmental problems Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes
How Can Bioremediation Be Used? n n Oil spills Wastewater treatment Heavy metal removal Chemical degradation
What Is Phytoremediation? n Phytoremediation- process of plants being used to solve pollution problems n n Plants absorb and break down pollutants Used with heavy metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate
What Is Composting? n n n Composting- a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting
What Are Bioethics? n n Ethics- knowing right from wrong, and then doing the right idea Bio- living organisms Bioethics- knowing right from wrong with living organisms, and then doing the right idea http: //www. oelwein. k 12. ia. us/hs/Ag. H ome/biotechethics. htm
Creating Bioethics Arguments n n Read this article from the school website http: //www. oelwein. k 12. ia. us/hs/Ag. H ome/dwnld/Ethics. in. Biotech. pdf After you read this article prepare ethical arguments with at least 5 Scientific and Factual claims to support your Premise and Conclusion
Ethical Arguments n Create an ethical argument for or against the following topics n n n Human Cloning Gender Reversal on Livestock Gender Reversal on Humans Genetic Engineering of Plants Genetic Engineering of Humans
Creating a Premise n n “Human cloning is immoral. ” Now you must find Scientific and Factual Claims to support your Premise After you have at least 5 Claims, you may conclude, “Therefore, human cloning is immoral. ” You do not have to be for or against any of the topics, it’s your choice!
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