Biotechnology Selective Breeding Humans have been breeding animals

Biotechnology

Selective Breeding Humans have been breeding animals to manipulate their DNA/Traits for many years! Selective Breeding – humans only allow animals with desired characteristics to breed and produce offspring Example – dogs bred to be “better hunters”, “better retrievers”

Biologists Manipulate DNA • Scientists use biotechnology to perform practical tasks & produce specific products (medicines, etc. ) • Today, we manipulate the genomes (DNA/Genes) of organisms like plants and animals. • Biotechnology – the process of manipulating organisms, cells, or molecules to produce specific products.

Recombinant DNA Technology where DNA and/or genes from different sources are combined to change the genetic composition of living organisms…even genes from different species! Recombinant DNA – DNA (made in a lab) that is then attached to the DNA of another organism (thus changing a specific characteristic of that organism) FYI - A Few Uses of DNA technology: 1. Make more “nutritious” crops (ex. Golden Rice) 2. Make medicine in large quantities (ex. Goats)

Bacteria – Common “Vector” Bacteria are commonly worked with in biotechnology because they can acquire new genes in many ways and copy DNA in large quantities! 3 Ways Bacteria can Acquire DNA: 1. Conjugation - “Tunnel” forms a bridge between the bacteria where DNA can travel. 2. Transformation – bacteria can “take up” free floating DNA into their own DNA 3. Use Plasmids

Engineering Bacteria • Bacteria contain plasmids • Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome. • Carry cool genes (for awesome traits!)

Plasmids Bacteria can transfer/swap plasmids to one another and scientists can manipulate plasmids to make them useful to us!! Example: 1. Insert a gene (to make a medicine) into a plasmid 2. Put the plasmid into bacteria 3. When the bacteria reproduce they make many copies of the gene & the medicine!

Desired Gene 1. Cut – Use restriction enzymes to cut the desired DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome 2. Paste – Put the desired DNA/gene fragment into a plasmid 3. Insert - Put the plasmid into a bacterium 4. Bacteria reproduce - making many copies of the desired gene!!

Useful Products Using Genetic Engineering 1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous spills 2. Plants that are more nutritious (“golden rice”) 3. Cattle that can make insulin hormone in their milk for people with diabetes 4. Goats make antibiotic to secrete in their milk

13. 3 Genetically Modified Organisms • A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired any genes artificially. • If a species is called TRANSGENIC if it has foreign genetic material from a different species in it.

Genetically Modified Plants

Do you eat genetically modified foods/plants? ? YES NO

Just a few…GMO FOODS • Honey • Cotton • Tomatoes • Corn • Vegetable Oil • Peas • Potatoes • Many cereals

Genetically Modified Plants • Over 88% of soybean and 94% of corn crops are genetically modified ! • Most common (GMO) genetic modifications: – Genes for disease resistance – Genes to resist insect and fungal pests

Genetically Modified Animals • Goals for GMO animals… – Produce mass quantities of medications (ex. insulin) – Get animals to market quicker (salmon) – Breed animals with better quality products (sheep wool) – FUN!! $$$$$$$ Fincasters Episode 8 Glo. Fish - You. Tube

Few more examples… Genetically Modified Salmon - Coming Soon? You. Tube • Transgenic Cows

The GMO Controversy Although studies to date have shown that eating genetically modified foods have no negative health affects…people continue to demand stricter regulations. Major Concern: GMO food can pose unknown health risk…people are requesting strict labeling laws! **”ORGANIC CRAZE”**

GMO Controversy

Pros & Cons of GMO Foods PROS CONS • Higher Yields (produce more) • No “long term” studies to test safety • Use less land & energy • Insect resistant crops may hurt helpful insects (such as bees) • Lower $ for consumers • Need more “weed-killing” chemicals • Insect resistant (need fewer chemicals) • Studies conducted show no negative health effects • Costly patents can put smaller farmers out of business • Unknown allergy concerns • Consumers don’t know what exactly they are eating!

DNA Technologies & Their Uses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Human Genome Project PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction Gel Electrophoresis Gene Therapy Cloning

DNA Technologies Human Genome Project (HGP) An international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. Started in 1990 Completed in 2003 Ethics - Genetic Ownership of Genes

DNA Technologies FYI: Sometimes it is necessary to make many copies of a piece of DNA from a single sample. • PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction technique used to mass produce specific sequences of DNA Thermocycler

PCR Technique “make a lot of DNA” from a small sample

Gel Electrophoresis!!! • Technique used to separate and analyze fragments of DNA. • Produces “banding patterns” based on the size of the DNA fragments as they move through a gel due to electric current.

How it works! DNA is cut into “fragments” by restriction enzymes DNA “fragments” move through gel using electric current Smaller DNA fragments move further

Online Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab

DNA Fingerprint • Just like every person has their own unique fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding pattern produced by their restriction fragments in gel electrophoresis. • 97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is extremely different from any other persons “junk” DNA. • Forensics!!

Who committed the crime? Suspect # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bloodstain evidence from crime scene of guilty person!

Gene Therapy! • Used to identify a “bad/faulty” gene ( that makes someone “sick”) …. . and REPLACE it with a “good” gene. • Occurs in “embryo” development! • Uses viruses to carry the DNA into and out of the body.

Cloning Uses a single cell from an adult organism to grow an identical new individual. “Dolly” 1997

Stem Cells and Homeotic Genes • Stem cells – cells (early in development) that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to be any type of cell. • Homeotic Genes – genes that control development of specific locations in organisms.

_____ 1. The use of organisms to perform practical tasks B D _____ 2. A technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule L 3. A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria; _____ separate from bacterial chromosome G _____ 4. Cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences I _____ 5. Complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism K _____ 7. Any organism that has acquired genetic material artificially J _____ 8. Any genetically modified organisms whose source of new genetic material is from a different species. H _____ 9. Technique that involves making many copies of a specific DNA sequence F _____ 10. Technique for sorting molecules like DNA by length _____ 11. Specific portion of DNA that varies among people E C 12. An individuals banding pattern on an electrophoresis _____ gel, determined by DNA restriction fragments _____ 13. Cell Type with the potential to differentiate into any A type of cell A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. Stem Cell Biotechnology DNA fingerprint Recombinant DNA Technology Genetic Marker Gel Electrophoresis Restriction Enzyme Polymerase Chain Reaction Genomic Library Transgenic Genetically Modified Organism Plasmid