Biotechnology of organisms for purposes DNA Fingerprinting Cloning

Biotechnology of organisms for purposes DNA Fingerprinting Cloning engineering useful

What is DNA Fingerprinting? § The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same. § The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the base pairs. § There are so many millions of base pairs in each person's DNA that every person has a unique and individual sequence.

What is DNA Fingerprinting? § Because there are so many millions of base pairs, the task of identifying EVERY base pair would be very time-consuming. § Instead, scientists analyze small segments of DNA where the base sequences tend to be the most variable (~ 3 million bases) between individuals. (About 13 locations not coding for genetic traits) § The likelihood that any 2 people would share the same DNA profile is 1 in a quintillion (18 0’s) § Scientists are able to determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people.

How is a DNA fingerprint made? § 1) Restriction enzymes are added to the DNA sample to cut it up into smaller pieces or fragments

How is a DNA fingerprint made? § 2) Fragments are pulled through a gel (by an electrical charge) and distribute according to the size of the fragment

How is a DNA fingerprint made? § 3) An x-ray picture is taken of this distribution and then can be compared to other DNA samples

How is a DNA Fingerprint made? § Different people have different restriction enzyme “cut sites” Person 1 Person 2 Resulting in different sized DNA fragments. Resulting in different band patterns on a gel

What is DNA Fingerprinting used for? § Paternity/Maternity testing § Criminal investigations (proving guilt & innocence!) § Identification of 9/11 victims & other human remains § about 20, 000 pieces of human remains were collected, a database of the victims’ DNA profiles was created § Super Bowl XXXIV Footballs § Marked with invisible, yet permanent, strand of synthetic DNA § 2000 Summer Olympic Souvenirs § Human DNA (Australian athletes) added to ink used to mark all official goods

What is DNA Fingerprinting used for? § Identify endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers) § Detect bacteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil, and food § Match organ donors with recipients in transplant programs § Determine pedigree for seed or livestock breeds § Authenticate consumables such as caviar and wine