BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING Biotechnology The application of

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING

Biotechnology ü ü ü The application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological-agents to provide goods and services The use of living organism and their component in agriculture, food and other industrial processes The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, breakdown and transform materials The integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues to product and services A technology using biological phenomena by copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substance

Stages of Biotechnology Development q Traditional/old biotechnology The conventional techniques that have been used to produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food q New/modern biotechnology All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern development of traditional biotechnological process

Biotechnology: A collection of technologies

The Applications of Biotechnology q Medical Biotechnology v v v q Agricultural Biotechnology Ø Ø Ø q Diagnostics Therapeutics Vaccines Plant agriculture Animal production Food processing Environmental Biotechnology ü ü ü Cleaning through bioremediation Preventing environmental problems Monitoring the environment

Plant agriculture ü Crop production and protection (Quantity) – Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops – Using biological methods to protect crops – Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature ü Nutritional value of crops (Quality) – Improving food quality and safety – Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils – Functional foods Foods containing significant levels of biologically active components that impart health benefits Plant Biotechnology

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY a process to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it into a plant to change certain of its characteristics. Breeding üSystematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents üSystematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of

Breeding? ü Application of genetics principles for improvement ü “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution” ü An evolution by artificial selection ü Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents ü Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

Primary Steps in Plant Breeding ü Develop a Vision ü Find or Create Variability (Techniques) ü Apply Selection Pressure ü Evaluate and Select (Screen) ü Commercialize

History of Genetic Modification 1 st transgenic plant created 1983 Mutagenesis breeding 1940’s 1 st fertile intergeneric cross 1860’s mid-1700’s 8000 BC 1920’s Darwin and Mendel science-based selective breeding 1 st fertile between species cross Selective breeding within species

Selected milestones in plant breeding 9000 BC First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the Tigris river 1694 Camerarius first to demonstrate sex in (monoecious) plants and suggested crossing as a method to obtain new plant types 1714 Mather observed natural crossing in maize 1761 -1766 Kohlreuter demonstrated that hybrid offspring received traits from both parents and were intermediate in most traits, first scientific hybrid in tobacco 1866 Mendel: Experiments in plant hybridization 1900 Mendel’s laws of heredity rediscovered 1944 Avery, Mac. Leod, Mc. Carty discovered DNA is hereditary 1953 Watson, Crick, Wilkins proposed a model for DNA structure 1970 Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNA technology 1994 ‘Flavr. Savr’ tomato developed as first GMO material

Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum) Bioinformatics Proteomics Genomics Germplasm Improvement ( = higher yields) Analytical Technologies Transgenic Traits Biotech/Genetic Engineering Winter Nurseries Computer Technologies Plot Mechanization Quantitative Genetics Statistics Pedigree Breeding Hybridization Open Pollinated Selection Time

Importance of Plant breeding? üIncreases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved management. üIt suggests about a 50 -50 of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to management. üPlanting material is the most important input in agriculture üAn improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

Does plant breeding work? Bushels Per Acre Corn Yield Trends: 1870 to Today Open Pollinated Varieties Single Cross Hybrids Double Cross Hybrids Year

Breeding Approach ü Empirical approach Evaluating grain yield per se as the main selection criterion ü Analytical approach An alternate breeding approach that requires a better understanding of the factors responsible for the development, growth and yield New Technology (Improved Technique) for organism “Biotechnology”

Which technology?

Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques Conventional Breeding Biotechnology Mutation breeding Plant Whole organism Molecule Thousands of genes Unknown Single gene Leve l Precisio Genetic change poorly n characterized Certaint y Limit s Between species and genera Genetic change poorly characterized Not applicable Gene function well understood No limitations

Traditional plant breeding Commercial variety Traditional donor DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at Desired Gene once. New variety (many genes are transferred) = X (crosses) Desired gene Modern plant breeding Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Desired gene Commercial variety New variety (only desired gene is transferred) = (transfers) Desired gene

"Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery. " Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize Laureate