BIOTECHNOLOGY Gene Sequencing Human Genome Project Cloning Stem

BIOTECHNOLOGY • • • Gene Sequencing (Human Genome Project) Cloning Stem Cell Research Gene Therapy DNA Fingerprinting (and other Forensics applications)

CLONING • Definition: Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. • Clones occur naturally in nature, a process called twinning. Identical twins are, in fact, clones. • 1 st mammal cloned sheep named Dolly

Purpose of cloning • 1. Cloning for medical purposes 2. Cloning animal models of disease 3. Cloning stem cells 4. Cloned genetically engineered animals for drug production 5. Reviving endangered or extinct species 6. Reproducing a deceased pet or child

TYPES OF CLONING • 1) Artificial Embryo Twinning • An early stage embryo is split into cells before those cells have differentiated, the cells are then grown separately, and develop into identical embryos • ***1 st mammal cloned– sheep named Dolly • 2) therapeutic cloning • cloning of stem cells • 3) Somatic cell nuclear transfer • body cell is removed and injected into an enucleated egg cell ; then transplanted into a surrogant mother.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Issues in Cloning 1) What is cloning and some uses? 2) What animal was the first mammal cloned? 3) What are some ethical issues involved in human cloning? 4) Should cloning be regulated, and if so, by whom? 5). Is cloning "playing with nature"? 6). What rights should a human clone have? 7). What are some social challenges a clones child might face?

The simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change.

APPLICATIONS • 1. Improve crops • 2. Environmental (bacteria can be used to clean up oil spills) 3. Vaccines 4. Medicine (bacteria can create insulin • 5. Livestock improvement

** Use process called -Recombinant- DNA -also called gene splicing. -tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced.

Recombinant tech • Simple steps • 1. Select the desired gene (or genes) to be inserted into the organism • 2. Cut two DNA molecules into fragments with special restriction enzymes • 3. Splice the fragments together in the desired combination 4. Introduce the new DNA into a living cell for replication • **Plasmid: A small, circular piece of DNA found in the cytoplasm of many bacteria; often used in recombinant DNA technology

• • Restriction Enzymes • 1. Cuts a double stranded DNA molecule at its specific recognition site • 2. Can create sticky ends which are used to bind to new DNA or blunt ends • 3. Pieces can be joined together using DNA ligase, a process called ligation

Organisms altered by genetic engineering. -

Transgenic Organisms Another name: -GMO- genetically modified organism.

1) TRANSGENIC BACTERIA • CONTAIN A FOREIGN GENE THAT PRODUCES A PRODUCT • SUCH AS INSULIN, GROWTH HORMONE ; INSECT TOXIN ; GENE FOR DEGRADATION OF OIL

ORGANS / TISSUES • 2) XENOTRANSPLANTATION-- • Use of pig organs that are less rejected ( antigenic) • 3) TISSUE ENGINEERING— • use adult stem cells to create skin on a polymer or implants that contain skin that perform a function • ex: tube with liver cells that filter blood

4) TRANSGENIC PLANTS • * SOYBEANS RESISTANT TO HERBICICES • * PLANTS THAT INCREASE STARCH AND PROTEIN CONTENT • * Mouse – eared cress weed producing a biodegradable plastic • ** Corn producing antibodies to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells

GENE THERAPY • Insertion of genetic material into a human • 2 types • A) ex viv 0 ( outside body) • B) in vivo( inside body)

Ex vivo • Ex: SCID ( Severe Combined immunodeficiency syndrome) • Lacks enzyme ADA ( adenosine deaminase) involved in the maturationof T and B cells of immune system

HOW IT WORKS • 1) Bone marrow stem cells from patient are modified via recombinant RNA on a retrovirus • 2) DNA is made vis reverse transcriptase with the new gene • 3) new cells return to patient

Human Genome Project • Map and sequence of all 30, 000 genes of a human species • Thousands of locations of genes have been mapped to specific chromosomes ; others have been mapped to specific sites on chromosomes.

Applications of the Human Genome Project • 1) Diagnosis of human disorders • 2) Gene Therapy