Biotechnology DNA Fingerprinting Used to diagnose genetic disorders

Biotechnology-

DNA Fingerprinting • Used to diagnose genetic disorders and identify carriers • Analyze evidence at crime scenes (some placed in CODIS-Combined DNA Index System) • Evidence of paternity • Personal identity

Used to diagnose genetic diseases, analyze evidence at crime scenes, and determine paternity

DNA Fingerprinting

Which is adopted? Which is from mom’s previous marriage?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • Technique for making unlimited copies of DNA - CLONING. • Useful when small amount of DNA is available.

Genetic Engineering � Process of replacing specific genes in an organism to produce a desired trait. � Accomplished by taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another organism – Gene map = location of gene on chromosome – Human Genome Project – map of human genes

Human Genome Project • Project began in 1990 and was completed in 2003. • Mapped out the entire Human Genome. • Human Genome has ~3 BILLION base pairs. Less than 20, 000 genes. • Grape plants have 30, 434 genes and chickens have 16, 736 genes.

Recombinant DNA • DNA from two organisms are combined; a gene from one organism is spliced into another organism. • Uses: manufacturing of insulin, anticancer medications, natural pesticides, etc….

Cloning • Identical copy of a gene or organism produced (naturally or genetically engineered) – Pros: organ transplants, saving endangered species – Cons: genetic disorders, more health problems

Gene Therapy • Process by which a normal gene is inserted into an absent/abnormal gene – Normal gene produces correct protein and eliminates cause of disorder – Cons: Limited success, host often rejects injected genetic material Stem Cells: can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage

Selective Breeding • Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with desired traits – Parents need gene for trait – Inbreeding = gene becomes more prevalent – Ex: crops, domesticated animals • Hybrids – 2 traits selected, breeding similar species – offspring often sterile (Horse + donkey = Mule)