Biotechnology Cloning p Production of genetically identical copies

Biotechnology

Cloning p Production of genetically identical copies of DNA, cells or organisms n p Asexual reproduction Gene therapy – genes used to modify a human n Transgenic organisms

Steps of Genetic Engineering p Cohen and Boyer n n p 1973 1 st successful GE experiment frog r. RNA into E. coli Steps: n n Cleave DNA Recombinant DNA Clone DNA Screen DNA

Recombinant DNA r. DNA – contains DNA from 2 or more sources p Vector (plasmid or virus) used to transfer gene of interest to host cell p Restrictive enzymes and DNA ligase are used to cut and seal the ends of the gene of interest. p

Bacteria cells do not have introns. p For successful genetic engineering exp. , the gene must not introns. p n RNA transcriptase can make DNA from m. RNA = c. DNA (DNA without introns)

Polymerase Chain Reaction Creates copies of small segments of DNA p Uses DNA polymerase and nucleotides p Only needs small sample p Can be used to study phylogeny of human populations p

DNA fingerprinting Usually follows PCR p Add restrictive enzymes to sample of DNA to make many different sized fragments p Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the fragments p If two banding patterns match, likelihood the DNA came from same person p Used in convicting criminals, detecting cancer, viral infections or genetic disorders, identifying remains of bodies p

Biotechnology products p Genetically modified in order to produce a product desired by humans!!!

Transgenic Bacteria Insulin, clottng factor VIII, human growth hormone, t-PA, hepatitis B vaccine p Frost resistant strawberries, root protection from insects p Enhancing ability to degrade substances p n n Clean up oil, remove sulfur from coal, clean up toxic wastes Self destruct when job is done

Transgenic plants p Foreign genes are placed in immature plant embryos or protoplasts (plant cells with cell wall removed) n n Pomato (potatoes and tomatoes) Cotton, corn and potatoes resistant to pests Soybeans – herbicide resistant Producing human proteins (hormones, clotting factors and antibodies)

Transgenic Animals Insert genes into the eggs of animals p Can be done by hand or by vortex mixing p n p b. GH – bovine growth hormone – makes larger fish, cows, pigs, rabbits, sheep Gene pharming – use of transgenic farm animals to make pharaceuticals n Genes that code for medical proteins are put into animal DNA and appear in milk

Genomics Study of genomes – genes p Human genome project – sequenced the base pairs in the DNA of the human chromosome. p Hap. Map Project p n n Goal – catalog common sequence differences that occur in humans, find risk for specific illnesses Haplotypes – patterns of sequence differences

Genetic profile p Identify the complete genotype of an individual, including mutations n n DNA chip produced by a quick swab Can help with the way we live our lives, preventive measures

Proteomics Study of the structure, function and interaction of cellular proteins p Human proteome – translation of genes into proteins p

Bioinformatics Application of computer technologies to the study of the genome p Goal – find cause/effect relationship between genetic profiles and genetic disorders caused by multifactorial genes. p

Gene Therapy Insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder. p Ex Vivo Gene Therapy p n n p Cells are removed, manipulated, then replaced Used in treatment of SCID and hypercholesterolemia In Vivo Gene Therapy n n Directly insert healthy genes to replace faulty ones Cystic fibrosis, VEGF, gene p 53 and cancer