Biotechnology Biotechnology Use of living organisms to create

Biotechnology

Biotechnology • Use of living organisms to create a product

Selective Breeding • Breeding selected animals with desired traits to make them more useful

Test Cross • You may not know if the organism is a purebred so you perform a “Test Cross”. • A way to find out the unknown genotype by breeding with a recessive individual.

Genetic Engineering The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

Genetic Engineering - Moving genes from one organism into another creates Transgenic Organisms

Industrial Uses • Bacteria can break down OIL spills • Bacteria are used to produce enzymes used in detergents

Genetically Engineered Products

Spider Silk • Elastic, light weight fiber 5 times stronger than steel • One method involves inserting the gene from a weaving spider into a fertilized goat egg. The resultant “spider-goat” produces milk that can be manufactured into strong fibers. http: //www. chm. bris. ac. uk/motm/spider/goat. jpg

Production of Human Insulin • Insulin regulates the blood sugar level. • The gene for human insulin is inserted into yeast or bacteria, from which large quantities of the human insulin are manufactured http: //publications. nigms. nih. gov/genetics/images/ch 1_diagram. gif http: //www. ingenious. org. uk/media/4. 0_SAC/webimages/1032/1/10321271_3. jpg

Bt Crops • Bt is a bacteria that is toxic to some insects. In the lab, the gene that produces the toxic effect is inserted into the DNA of plants • Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands of times more powerful than the chemical spray insecticides

Agriculture • Flounder genes inserted into crops make them resistant to frost.

Golden Rice • Undernourished people in poorer countries may have blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A • Golden rice contains beta-carotene, which forms Vitamin A • A daffodil gene is inserted

Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone • r. BGH is a hormone, which is found in the pituitary gland of cows and controls milk production • r. BGH can increase cows’ milk production by as much as 20 -30% http: //www. healingdaily. com/detoxification-diet/r. BGH. http: //simple. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Milk_glass. jpg

Glowing Organisms • Genes that make jellyfish glow are inserted into other organisms • The organism glows under UV light http: //www. fluorescentpets. com/prod 31. jpg

Restriction Enzymes • A tool of the genetic engineer. They cleave DNA into pieces by recognizing specific sequences.

Restriction Enzymes • Many of the sequences are palindromes. • If a staggered cut is made, “sticky ends” result and can recombine with other cut pieces.

Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms • This produces Transgenic Organisms

Bacterial Transformation -Isolate a gene of interest from an organism -Open the plasmid (circle of bacterial DNA) -Use restriction enzymes to create matching sticky ends -Splice the gene of interest into the plasmid -Insert the recombinant DNA into a bacteria, grow

Bacterial Transformation Each time the bacteria copies itself, it copies the new gene Each new bacterial cell expresses the gene

Human Genome Project • We successfully sequenced and mapped the human genome. (DNA that produces genes). • There are 30, 00040, 000 genes. • Linkage maps show gene locations.

Applications of HGP • Diagnosis of diseases • Development of Gene Therapy for treatment of dwarfism, hemophilia

Applications of HGP • DNA Fingerprinting- unique banding pattern when DNA samples are cut and separated. • Restriction enzymes cut the DNA • Gel electrophoresis separates the segments by SIZE

Gel Electrophoresis DNA is placed into wells on a gel

Gel Electrophoresis The gel is placed in a solution and an electric field is applied making one end of the gel positive and the other end negative.

Gel Electrophoresis The negatively charged DNA fragments travel toward the positive end.

Uses of G. E. Paternity Testing Forensics Fossil Remains

Use of GE Paternity

Uses of GE FOSSIL Remains Identification

PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction Millions of copies of a small DNA sample can be made in a few hours.