Biotechnology AP Biology Chapter 20 History of Biotechnology

Biotechnology AP Biology Chapter 20

History of Biotechnology

Biotechnology �Utilizing living systems for technological advancement

Origins of Biotechnology �Biotechnology has been around for ~10, 000 years �Domesticated plants and animals �Using yeast to make bread rise �Using bacteria or yeast to ferment grapes into wine

Current Biotechnology �Biotechnology is used in three main ways: �Directly using cells �Using the proteins/enzymes made by cells �Using the genetic material inside of cell

Future of Biotechnology �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. D 5 u. NAMb. Da Q

DNA Cloning Part 1

DNA Cloning �Scientists: �Only want to study specific genes �Genes: �Small segments of DNA strand

E. coli plasmid �Small circular DNA that replicates independently from nucleoid chromosome

DNA Cloning Process �Find gene of interest in any organism

DNA Cloning Process �Cut gene with restriction enzymes �Cut bacteria plasmid w/ same enzymes

DNA Cloning Process �Attach gene to plasmid with DNA Ligase

DNA Cloning Process �Reinsert into bacteria �Allow bacteria to replicate

Restriction Enzyme �Cut DNA at known palindromic sequences Enzyme Source Recognition Sequence Cut Eco. RI Escherichia coli 5'GAATTC 3'CTTAAG 5'---G AATTC---3' 3'---CTTAA G---5' Eco. RII Escherichia coli 5'CCWGG 3'GGWCC 5'--- CCWGG---3' 3'---GGWCC ---5' Bam. HI Bacillus 5'GGATCC amyloliquefaciens 3'CCTAGG 5'---G GATCC---3' 3'---CCTAG G---5' Hind. III Haemophilus influenzae 5'AAGCTT 3'TTCGAA 5'---A AGCTT---3' 3'---TTCGA A---5' Taq. I Thermus aquaticus 5'TCGA 3'AGCT 5'---T CGA---3' 3'---AGC T---5'

Current Uses �Medicine: �Insulin, HGH, Blood clotting �Treatment: �Hepatitis B Vaccine, HIV identification �Food: �Golden Rice, Countless Resistant Crops

Environmental Concerns �Escapees in nature! �Jumping into you!

PCR & Gel Electrophoresis Part 2

Polymerase Chain Reaction Function �Exponentially amplify small amounts of DNA

PCR Process �Denaturing �Heating DNA separates the H bonds

PCR Process �Annealing �Cooling DNA allows RNA primers to attach

PCR Process �Extension �DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’ end of primer

PCR Result �After 30 rounds of PCR: �Copy 1 segment of DNA into ~1, 000, 000 � 99. 9% are only target sequence � http: //highered. mcgraw-hill. com/olc/dl/120078/micro 15. swf

PCR Applications �Share 40, 000 yr old woolly mammoth DNA �Identify crime scene DNA �Screen fc. DNA for genetic disorders �Detect hidden viral genes (HIV)

Gel Electrophoresis Function �Visualize various sized sections of DNA

GE Process �Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA

GE Process �Pipette DNA into the gel (well)

GE Process �Turn on electrical current �DNA phosphates have a negative charge �DNA travels to the positive electrode �Gel separates DNA segments based on size

GE Result �Stain gel to show bands of DNA

GE Applications �Compare DNA �Extract pure samples of DNA

DNA sequencing Part 3

DNA Sequencing Function �Analyze complete genome of an organism

DNA Sequencing Process �Isolate DNA �Grind up organism – cells with DNA in nucleus �Add soap – break down lipid membrane �Add meat tenderizer – break down protein �Spin DNA in centrifuge – DNA sinks

DNA Sequencing Process �Send DNA through PCR with normal nucleotides

DNA Sequencing Process �Send DNA through PCR with radioactive nucleotides

DNA Sequencing Result �Many partial sequences of various lengths with a radioactive terminal nitrogen base �Run this solution through a gel or sequencer

DNA Sequencing Application �Has shown evolutionary relationships �Will unlock genetic mysteries �http: //highered. mcgraw- hill. com/sites/0072556781/student_view 0/chapter 15/animation_quiz_1. html