Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA and DNA

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA and DNA Science

Genetic Engineering l. Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

DNA extraction l Biologists can use chemicals to get DNA out of cells l You did this in the Strawberry/DNA extraction lab

Tools of Molecular Biology l Restriction enzymes – cut DNA

Separating DNA l Gel electrophoresis - DNA fragments (negatively charged) move toward positive end of gel -smaller fragments move faster, farther -compare gene composition (genomes) of different individuals

To study genes… biologists need MANY copies of a gene

Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR l Copier stuck on “print”

Cell Transformation

Recombinant DNA l DNA synthesizers – put short pieces of DNA together

Recombinant DNA l The manipulation and combination of DNA from two sources l Bacterial DNA + human gene for insulin l Plant DNA + bacterial DNA l Mouse DNA + human DNA

Recombination Insert a foreign gene into a host Plasmid, then into the bacterial cell – transformation Transgenic organisms Recombinant DNA l Goal – To produce many copies ( clones) of a particular gene (PCR) l Genetic marker – tags gene of interest – to identify the presence of a gene l

Restriction Enzymes l. Cut Plasmid with restriction enzyme l. Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme

Biotechnology l The use of living cells to make products such as pharmaceuticals, foods, and beverages l The use of organisms such as bacteria to protect the environment l The use of DNA science for the production of products, diagnostics, and research

Pharmaceuticals l l l l insulin for diabetics factor VIII for males suffering from hemophilia A factor IX for hemophilia B human growth hormone (GH) erythropoietin (EPO) for treating anemia three types of interferons several interleukins granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for stimulating the bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for dissolving blood clots adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating some forms of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) angiostatin and endostatin for trials as anti-cancer drugs parathyroid hormone leptin hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs. Ag) to vaccinate against the hepatitis B virus

Golden Rice- Agrobiotech l Golden rice is the result of an effort to develop rice varieties that produce provitamin-A Because traditional rice varieties do not produce provitamin-A, transgenic technologies were required.

Transgenic Mice – Manipulation of embryo( blastocyst)

Transgenic mice l Two baby mice same age l Human Growth hormone inserted into the embryo of one of these mice…

Insect Resistance l l B. thuringiensis (commonly known as 'Bt') is an insecticidal bacterium, marketed worldwide for control of many important plant pests Bt products represent about 1% of the total ‘agrochemical’ market (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides)

Vaccines l Bananas and tomatoes as edible vaccines l Benefits of an edible vaccine?

Glo fish l Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental pollutants. By adding a natural fluorescence gene to the fish, scientists are able to quickly and easily determine when our waterways are contaminated