Biosystems Engineering agricultural Engineering research ASABE Formerly ASAE
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻦ – Biosystems Engineering (agricultural Engineering research) – ASABE (Formerly ASAE) publications – Canadian Biosystems Engineering – CIGR e. Journal (International Commission of Agricultural Engineering ) – Journal of Agricultural Engineering (Germany, Landtechnik) – Computers and Electronics in Agriculture – Journal of Food Engineering – Soil and Tillage Research – Mechatronics – Image & vision Computing – Journal of Electrostatics – Renewable Energy ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠی 3
(MRI) magnetic resonance imaging • ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ کﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯی ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺭﺳﻴﺪگی ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﻧﺎﺷی ﺍﺯ ﻟﻬﻴﺪگی The structural and biochemical information it provides is helpful in the diagnosis of abnormalities without the possibly harmful effects of X rays or gamma rays. It is invaluable in detecting and delineating tumours and in providing images of the brain, the heart, and other soft-tissue organs. MRI may produce anxiety because the patient must often lie quietly inside a narrow tube. Another disadvantage is that it requires a longer scanning time than other computer-assisted forms of scanning, which makes it more sensitive to motion and of less value in scanning the chest or abdomen. However, MRI images provide better contrast between normal and diseased tissue than those produced by other computer-assisted technics Absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by electrons or atomic nuclei in response to certain magnetic fields. Near infra-red (NIR) spectroscopy • ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠی 6
ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻲ • Nanotechnology is a field of applied science focused on the design, synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices on the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is a subclassification of technology in colloidal science, biology, physics, chemistry and other scientific fields and involves the study of phenomena and manipulation of material at the nanoscale • Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology: one is a "bottom-up" approach where materials and devices are built up atom by atom, the other a "top-down" approach where they are synthesized or constructed by removing existing material from larger entities. A unique aspect of nanotechnology is the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume present in many nanoscale materials, which opens new possibilities in surface-based science, such as catalysis. This catalytic activity also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials. ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠی 8
Genetic algorithm • A genetic algorithm is a search technique used in computing to find true or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems, and is often abbreviated as GA. Genetic algorithms are categorized as global search heuristics. Genetic algorithms are a particular class of evolutionary algorithms that use techniques inspired by evolutionary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection • Genetic algorithms are implemented as a computer simulation in which a population of abstract representations (called chromosomes or the genotype or the genome) of candidate solutions (called individuals, creatures, or phenotypes) to an optimization problem evolves toward better solutions. Traditionally, solutions are represented in binary as strings of 0 s and 1 s, but other encodings are also possible. The evolution usually starts from a population of randomly generated individuals and happens in generations. In each generation, the fitness of every individual in the population is evaluated, multiple individuals are stochastically selected from the current population (based on their fitness), and modified (recombined and possibly mutated) to form a new population. The new population is then used in the next iteration of the algorithm. • Genetic algorithms find application in computer science, engineering, economics, chemistry, physics, mathematics and other ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠی 9 fields.
Neural network • An artificial neural network (ANN) or commonly just neural network (NN) is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical model or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network. • In more practical terms neural networks are non-linear statistical data modeling tools. They can be used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data. • it involves a network of simple processing elements (neurons) which can exhibit complex global behaviour, determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters. • These networks are also similar to the biological neural networks in the sense that functions are performed collectively and in parallel by the units, rather than there being a clear delineation of subtasks to which various units are assigned ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠی 10
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