Biosecurity in the Beef Cattle Operation D L
Biosecurity in the Beef Cattle Operation D. L. Step, DVM, DACVIM Oklahoma State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Stillwater, OK
Goals n develop a better understanding of biosecurity n levels of biosecurity n herd additions n human interactions n other current disease concerns n have fun & ask questions
Definitions: Biosecurity n plan or program to prevent the entry of infections agents, diseases, or problems into a herd or population n Not just a reaction to bio-terrorism! n “ 90% of what we’ve started doing we should have been doing anyway” – John Wagner, Colorado Beef, Lamar, Colo.
Biosecurity, an issue at many levels 1. Global 2. National 3. State 4. Your place
Biosecurity – Global level n Office of International Epizootics, OIE q Paris France q established 1924 as a result of Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium q mission – to insure transparency in global disease situation q need to know – international trade www. oie. int the
Biosecurity - National Level Department of Homeland Security (DHS) - Four components 1. Customs and Border Patrol 2. Department of Agriculture q Ag Research Service q Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Biosecurity - National Level Department of Homeland Security (DHS) – Four components 3. Department of Health & Human Services 4. National Biodefense Analysis Countermeasures Center q analysis of emerging bio threats to people and agriculture q FBI – forensic analysis of bioterrorism events q joint effort of the above with Plum Island Research
Risk n risk: likelihood of a hazard occurring n risk management: factors that influence the likelihood of a hazard occurring
Risk n acceptable risk is a management decision n MUST define what level of risk the enterprise can tolerate or accept
Risk or Biosecurity Management Plan n minimize the factors that increase risk n maximize the factors that reduce risk
Assessments n producers goals n facilities n management ability n financial support
Producer’s Goals n type of operation (examples) q seedstock producer q commercial cow/calf producer q stocker operator q feedlot operator q order buyer
Facilities n isolation areas, separate hospital areas n storage (feedstuffs) n pastures (quantity, quality) n dead animal disposal n processing facilities
Management and Labor nresource availability (management) qadequate labor nfamily support nhired or contracted qrecords qmarketing
Financial Support nresource availability (finances) qdebt load qexpansion ? qretirement
Biosecurity Close to Home
Level of Biosecurity – Most Common “The common disease prevention & control practices employed by the majority of beef herds today are inadequate to meet future demands. They rely on visual observation, regulatory compliance, vaccination, and limited attention to biosecurity of the herds making animal additions. ” J. U. Thompson
Q. Why is biosecurity important ? A. effects of disease on cash flow & equity. AND on the well being (welfare) of the animals
n decreased: q productivity q reproductive efficiency n increased: q illness q death loss q liability associated with selling infected animals n loss of marketing options q “Slaughter Only” - not music to the ears of a seed stock operator
producer decision: Level of Biosecurity -or- Level of Risk Tolerance
6 Levels of Biosecurity 1 -closed herd [specific pathogen-free (SPF) herd] 2 -no entry or reentry of animals 3 -no entry of new animals but reentry allowed
6 Levels of Biosecurity (cont’d) 4 -entry of new animals (known medical records) and isolation 5 -entry of new animals (known medical records) and no isolation 6 -entry of new animals (no medical records) and no isolation
Basis for level chosen – Producer decision n stocker operator n wean at auction market n commercial operation that retains ownership through the harvest phase n seed-stock producer or international marketing
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Human Interactions Other Current Animal Disease Issues
HACCP – Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (When do you have control of the hazard? ) n HA q identifies the health risks associated with the age and class of specified livestock n neonate, weaned, replacement heifers, cows, bulls n CCP q identifies the important POINTS of intervention for reducing risk of disease for the age and class of specified livestock
Herd-Level Critical Control Points purchased products colostrum, feed, etc. purchased animals herd replacements semen, embryos visitors Livestock Herd neighbor’s herd other animals wildlife BEVO – Bird’s Eye View of your Operation
Point of Diminishing Return Relationship of Treatment/Prevention Level and Losses Control Costs $ Losses Control costs A B C Treatment/Prevention Level A= Increase control to reduce losses B= Keep incidence at optimal level C= Control costs outweigh losses
Herd Replacements pre-entry tests isolation vaccination strategic placement within the herd
Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer: Pre-entry n herd of origin information: qhealth (history of disease, BVDV, Johne’s Disease, Bangs, TB, etc) qvaccination protocol qparasite control measures
Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer - Isolation n recommend: 60 day period, but ____ n strict traffic control n identify by herd of origin along with your numbering system n serum for further testing if necessary n coccidiostat in supplement
Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer – Vaccination n vaccinate: prebreeding q discussion with Herd Health Program n internal and external parasite control q discussion with Herd Health Program
Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer - Assimilation n turn out with bulls q virgin or Trichomonas negative bulls q tested negative for same disease as heifers q vaccinated for the same disease as heifers q deemed satisfactory potential breeder by Standardized BSE
Environmental Assessment Management By Walking Around n MBWA n pastures, pens, lots, fences n working facilities n isolation areas?
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Human Interactions Environment Feed Other Current Animal Disease Issues
Feed and Water n Purchased vs Home Grown n Storage n Water Supply n Contamination
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Bangs TB Johne’s Disease BVDV Human Interactions Environment Feed Equipment Other Current Animal Disease Issues
Equipment n cattle trucks and trailers n feed delivery and supply vehicles n rendering trucks n manure spreaders n feed buckets n cleaning brushes
Equipment (cont. ) n calf pullers and chains n needles, syringes n dehorners n castration knives n working chutes
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Bangs TB Johne’s Disease BVDV Human Interactions Environment Feed Equipment People Other Current Animal Disease Issues
People n clothing q boots, coveralls, gloves n visitors q school groups, foreign visitors, tours n employees n veterinarians n sales representatives n relatives
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Bangs TB Johne’s Disease BVDV Human Interactions Environment Feed Equipment People Other Current Animal Disease Issues Foot & Mouth
“Foreign Animal Diseases” (FAD) “Exotic Diseases” n 50 animal diseases q not currently in the US q 13 have been eradicated from the US q many are zoonotic ZOONOTIC = a disease I can get from an animal n Rabies, Anthrax, Salmonella www. oie. int http: //www. fao. org/ag/a. AGA/AGAH/EMPRES/index. asp
Foreign Animal Disease Potential Losses in: 1. production 2. death 3. markets and marketing 4. tourism – ask the British – ($7. 5 B)
“Foreign Animal Diseases” (FAD) “Exotic Diseases” n listed are 13 FADs that affect cattle – classified as: q Highly Contagious diseases q Non-Highly Contagious diseases q Vector-Borne Contagious diseases n insect involved www. oie. int http: //www. fao. org/ag/a. AGA/AGAH/EMPRES/index. asp
Foreign Animal Diseases – FAD Highly Contagious n Foot & Mouth Disease
FMD Costs n outbreak lasted seven months n ten million (10, 000) animals killed n $4 billion in compensation, cleanup, export losses n $7. 5 billion in lost tourism
FMD - Occurrence n. Countries/Continents • • • Asia So. America Great Britain Europe Africa
FMD - Cause n. Foot and Mouth virus • picornaviridae family • seven major serotypes, plus subtypes • no cross-protection • incubation 3 - 6 days
FMD – Occurrence domestic animals cattle sheep goats pigs llamas wildlife deer elk antelope bison wild hogs
FMD – Clinical Signs n dull, off feed, drool n vesicles (blisters) on lips, gums, tongue, nares, palate • often rupture before examination n vesicles (blisters) between toes and on coronary band, leading to lameness
FMD – Clinical Signs • marked drop in feed intake • lactation ceases • eating resumes in 2 -3 days, but recovery may take 6 months
FMD – Morbidity and Mortality n sickness (morbidity) approaches 100% n death rate (mortality) approximately 1% in adults, as high as 20 -25% in young stock due to “necrotizing myocarditis”
FMD – Transmission n animal to animal by inhalation or ingestion n oral and nasal secretions, milk, urine, semen n infected meat scraps (uncooked) n airborne – up to 150 miles – pigs are most potent excretors of airborne virus and cattle the most susceptible to airborne infections
FMD – Transmission n fumets • • • clothing – 10 -12 weeks infected premises up to 1 year nasal passages of humans – 28 hr feedstuffs tires hides (cont’d)
FMD – Transmission (cont’d) nthrough passive carriage in GI tract of birds and rodents nmeat pickled in brine ndry-cured sausage
FMD - Immunity nimmunity to the infective strain lasts 1 -4 years in cattle, but they remain susceptible to other strains nrecovered ruminants can be carriers for at least two years
FMD - Control n International travel significant threat n Ban import of all uncooked food products n Ban import of all live animals n Ban import of hay, straw, and vegetables n Ban import of semen and embryos
FMD – Control • Strict Biosecurity (con’t)
FMD - Disinfectants n Virkon S (Antec International) at a 1: 200 dilution n Acetic acid (vinegar) 2% solution. Mix one gallon of vinegar (4%) in a gallon of water n Sodium hypochlorite (household bleach). Mix three parts bleach to two parts water n Sodium hydroxide (lye) solution (2 %). Mix a 13 ounce can in five gallons of water
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Bangs TB Johne’s Disease BVDV Human Interactions Environment Feed Equipment People Other Current Animal Disease Issues Foot & Mouth BSE
B ovine S pongiform n media term is “Mad Cow” n TSE q scrapie q CWD q TME q CJD, Kuru q nv. CJD E ncephalopathy
BSE n cause = ? ? ? n theory: q prion q virion q un-identified virus
BSE n Biosecurity q. STRICT avoidance of ruminant protein in ruminant feed q. Avoid imports of live cattle, embryos from BSE countries
U. S. BSE Prevention Strategies Federal government inspects borders FDA banned the use of ruminant proteins Producers ask feed companies FDA requires renderers to separate Packers ask producers to certify
Foreign Animal Diseases – FAD Non-Highly Contagious n Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) qslow degenerative central nervous disease qfatal qzoonotic ? questions?
Producer Goals and Assessment Herd Additions Bangs TB Johne’s Disease BVDV Human Interactions Environment Feed Equipment People Other Current Animal Disease Issues Foot & Mouth BSE Anthrax
Anthrax n caused by bacteria (Bacillus anthracis) n occurs throughout the world (including Oklahoma) n spores: very resistant q decades centuries n all vertebrates are susceptible
Clinical Signs n sudden death n fever, difficulty breathing, muscle tremors n terminal convulsions n blood from body openings
Clinical Signs (cont’d) n depression n off feed, no ruminations n drop milk production n diarrhea, dysentery (alimentary form) n edema (swelling) tongue, throat, brisket, perineum, flanks
Zoonotic Potential n humans q alimentary form (stomach, gut) q cutaneous form (skin) q pulmonary form (lungs)
A Biosecurity Program No One Size Fits All! n insurance policy qhealth qproductivity n producer and his veterinarian developed qadapted for goals & objectives of each herd n education of all personnel in the operation
Biosecurity Consideration Review Øherd additions Øtraffic Øsanitation & waste management
Herd Additions Health Inspection n “issuance of a health certificate cannot be considered absolute assurance that the animal(s) is disease free. ” Dr. John U. Thomson, South Dakota State University
Herd Additions Specific Suggestions n known herd status q raise own replacements q prior to arrival q use AI? n isolation/quarantine q 60 days n test and/or vaccinate n (parasite control)
Traffic Specific Suggestions n controlled access to premises q no non-resident vehicles allowed q supply disposable boots q questionnaire
Sanitation and Waste Management n labor: limited personnel performing many duties n control wildlife, rodents, and birds n avoid cross contamination q water, feed: buckets, cleansing brushes q manure, bedding q feeding & mixing equipment q clothing, boots
Protecting Livestock from Terrorism • Be Vigilant check livestock more frequently Local Veterinarian State Veterinarian 405 -522 -6131 watch your neighbors report suspicious activity Law Enforcement
Protecting Livestock from Terrorism • secure feed and water supplies • practice good disease biosecurity • know who is on your property
Definitions: Biocontainment n plan or program for controlling infectious agents, diseases, or problems already present in a herd or population
If Outbreak Occurs n written protocol n meeting: everyone involved understands n identify areas of pathogen build up: calving areas, hospital pens, common chute areas q remove cow & calf ASAP q rotate calving areas if possible
If Outbreak Occurs (cont’d) n necropsy (unless anthrax is suspected) q identify problems q confirm the diagnosis q determine extent of disease q take appropriate samples q dispose of remains accordingly
Prevent Entry Questions? ? ? Contact: Your Veterinarian, OSU County Extension Educator, Oklahoma Department of Ag
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