Bioorganic Lipids 6122021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem160 1

Bioorganic Lipids 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 1

Introduction �Structurally heterogeneous class of bioorganic compounds include diverse types of molecules as �Fats and oils �Waxes �Cholesterol and its derivatives �Some vitamins �Prostagladins �All of them have limited solubility in water 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 2

Characteristics of Lipids �Large class of water-insoluble bioorganic compounds �In humans and many animals excess carbohydrates and other energy-yielding foods are converted to, and stored in the body as lipids known as fats �This is a major way of storing chemical energy and carbon atoms in the body 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 3

�Fats and other lipids surround and insulate vital body organs, providing protection from mechanical shock and helping to maintain correct body temperature �Lipids function as covering for nerve fibres �Basic structural components of all cell membranes �Many chemical messengers in the human body “ hormones” are lipids 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 4

Classification By structure: 1. Simple: fats, oils, waxes, steroids. 2. Complex: phospholipids, spingolipids, glycolipids. 3. The derivatives: hormones, fat-soluble vitamins On the basis of whether they undergo hydrolysis reactions in alkaline solution: 1. Saponifiable lipids can be hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions to yield salts of fatty acids. 2. Nonsaponifiable lipids do not undergo hydrolysis reactions in alkaline solution. 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani 5

Lipids at a Glance Lipids Saponifiable lipids Can be hydrolysed under alkaline conditions Nonsaponifiable Lipids Glycerol esters Hydrolysis products 6/12/2021 Non Glycerol esters Not a Hydrolysis products Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 6

Triacylglycerols Fats and Oils 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Waxes Chem-160 7

Phosphoacylglycerols 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 Sphingolipids 8

Nonsaponifiable Lipids Steroids Fat Soluble vitamins Eicosanoids Terpenes Pheromones 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 9

Fats can be divided according to their chemical composition to: Simple lipids: • These compounds are: esters of fatty acids with glycerol. • The triacylglycerol (TAG) is the simplest and most common fat. It is the form in which lipids are stored in the cell.

Saturated fatty acid Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid) 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 11

Monounsaturated fatty acids 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 12

Trans 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 13

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 14

Polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty acids �Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty acids important in human body chemistry �Classification The basis for the omega classification system involves the following considerations �A fatty acid has two ends Methyl (CH 3) end Carboxyl (COOH) end 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 15

CH 3 -(CH 2)4 -(CH=CH-CH 2)4 -(CH 2)2 -C Methyl end 6/12/2021 O OH Carboxyl end Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 16

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty acids Omega-3 �Polyunsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbons away from its methyl end �Omega-6 Fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbons away from its methyl end 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 17

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Essential Fatty acids �Needed by the human body and must be obtained from dietary sources because they cannot be synthesized within the body from other substances �Essential fatty acids: � 1 Linoleic acid � 2 Linolenic acid 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 19

Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid �Both are 18 -carbon polyunsaturated acids �Linoleic acid is an omega-6 acid �Linolenic acid is an omega-3 acid 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 20

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�Both contribute to proper membrane structure Deficiency of Linoleic acid �Skin reddens and become irritated, infection and dehydration occur and liver may develop abnormalities and conditions will reverse on the restoration of the fatty acid 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 22

�Both of these are starting points for the synthesis of a variety of other longer-chain polyunsaturated acids which are: �EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) �DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) �Arachidonic acid major precursor of eicosanoids (substances that help regulate blood pressure) 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 23

�EPA �DHA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) (Docosahexaenoic acid) Both of them are important constitutes of the communication membranes of the brain and its normal development, and also active in the retina of the eye Sources: �Vegetable oils, meat and fish live in deep cold water are good source of linoleic acid and other omega-6 acids 6/12/2021 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-160 24