BIOMOLECULES THE STUFF OF LIFE Biomolecules Organic molecules
BIOMOLECULES THE STUFF OF LIFE
Biomolecules Organic molecules made up of: �Carbon �Hydrogen �Nitrogen �Oxygen �and sometimes Phosphorus
�Poly = Many �Mono = One �Hydro = Water (actually Greek) �Synthesis = to make or form �Lysis = loosen; break apart �Lipos = fat
Life as we know it is carbon-based. A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.
Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
95% of all compounds are organic Example: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6
City Cell Building Organelle Brick Macromolecule
MACROMOLECULES POLYMER MONOMER Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Lipids (e. g. fats) Protein Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Glycerol and Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides
CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (they store energy) Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Carbohydrates add structure to plants (cellulose) Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches.
Carbohydrates Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.
FUNCTION CARBOHYDRATES Quick and short term energy FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn STRUCTURE (1: 2: 1 ratio) 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen) Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have two hydrogen for every one oxygen (hydrate-like water H 20) MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) -- glucose, dextrose DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES -- sucrose (plain sugar, lactose (milk sugar Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane) (C 12 H 22 O 11) 100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES -- potatoes, bread, grains, corn Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plants Glycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animals Cellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)
LIPIDS Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time. Used to make membranes in cells. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?
LIPIDS FUNCTION Long term energy storage Insulate against heat loss Protective cushion around organs FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils STRUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with OH groups) and fatty acid chains Don’t dissolve in water FATS and OILS (Triglycerides) One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail PHOSPHOLIPIDS WAXES STEROIDS Make up cell membranes contain C, H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails) Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc. Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone
PROTEINS Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Protein molecules are made of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids. Control structure & metabolism of cells
PROTEINS FUNCTION Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions) FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese STRUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen. BUILDING BLOCKS Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids) Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides) PEPTIDE BONDS DENATURATION When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in p. H, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function.
NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides. DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins. DNA is the “blueprint” for living organisms.
Nucleic acids FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from) FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA STRUCTURE Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases BUILDING BLOCKS Nucleotides ATP A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP. DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape SHAPE
nucleic acids
DNA Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprint” for life. What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?
WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
NOTICE: C, H, O and the 2: 1 ratio of H to O
NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA
NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails
NOTICE: The amino acid monomers
CHROMOSOME
NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base
NOTICE: The nitrogen and Rgroup
MACROMOLECULE FOLDABLE Fold and cut a piece of paper as shown below to make 4 tabs. Hamburger-fold a piece of paper. Then, fold this in half to make creases for flaps. Next. Open the paper up and fold the edges to the center. A B C D Cut along the creases to make flaps. � FRONT SIDE OF TABS: Tab A TAB A 1. Label the tab CARBOHYDRATE (BLUE). 1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES 2. Write a basic description. 2. List 4 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES 3. Sketch and color a GLUCOSE molecule TAB B 1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF LIPID 1. Label the tab LIPID (GREEN) 2. List 4 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS 2. List what lipids include. TAB C 3. Sketch and label a TRIGLYCERIDE molecule. 1. Give 4 FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN TAB C 2. List 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS 1. Label the tab PROTEIN (RED) TAB D 2. Write a basic description. 1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 3. Sketch and color an AMINO ACID 2. List 2 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS TAB D 1. Label the tab NUCLEIC ACID (PURPLE) ON THE INSIDE CENTER SECTION, write this heading at the top of the page: 2. Write a basic description. “COMPOUNDS IN A PERSON”. Draw a human, and show where/how the 4 macromolecules are used in 3. Sketch and color a NUCLEOTIDE � BACK SIDE OF TABS: the body. On the back of the Foldable, write your name and class period. Below your name and class period, write and define the following terms: 1. POLYMER (also – draw and label a diagram) 2. MONOMER (also – draw and label a diagram)
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