BIOMOLECULES Small Molecules found In all living things

TEXAS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS (TEKS) Analyze the diagram and tell your partner what the TEK wants you to be learning this unit. Carbs 9 A – Compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including: 1. carbohydrates Proteins Compar e the function s 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids Nucleic Acids Lipids

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Atom biomolecul e organelle Cell Tissue Organ system Organism

FOUR CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES: NUCLEIC ACIDS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, & CARBS Nucleic Acids Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates

MONOMER VS. POLYMER MONO= ONE (1) POLY= MANY MONOMER: SINGLE UNIT POLYMER : MANY SINGLE UNITS JOINED TOGETHER Biomolecul e Examples

CARBOHYDRATES Structure (Monomer) Monosaccharide-basic unit of a carbohydrate (saccharide= Simple sugar) Simple sugar-Contains 4 calories/gram (Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose Functions Energy for daily tasks (quick energy) • Examples: • Glycogen- stored in liver and muscle cells, broken down to glucose when blood glucose levels decrease. • Starch- Stored in plant roots and seeds Structure component for cells • Examples: • Cellulose- major component of plant cell walls • Chitin- major component of fungal cell walls

SEE WHAT YOU REMEMBER…. Use the space provided in your notes to write/sketch 3 facts that you remember about carbohydrates. ( You have 1 minute) Now turn to your partner and add or verify 2 additional facts from your lists. ( You have 1 minute )

LIPIDS Structure (Monomer) Function Triglyceride= glycerol + 3 fatty acids Examples: fat, wax, cholesterol, oils steroids Insoluble to water ( cannot dissolve in water) Long term energy storage Main component of cell membranes Insulation and organ protection 9 calories/ gram of lipid (provides the most energy gram)

PROTEINS Monomer • Amino acids Functions • Growth and Maintenance • Transport • Structural support • Defense against foreign substances • Enzymatic reactions • Cellular communications Examples • Muscles • Hemoglobin • Channels and pumps • Antibodies • Enzymes • Signaling molecules

NUCLEIC ACIDS Monome r • Nucleotide Function • Stores and transmits genetic information Example s • DNA • RNA • ATP

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ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS THAT CATALYZE SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

TEXAS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS (TEKS) B. 9 C Identify and investigate the roles of enzymes

ENZYME VOCABULARY Enzyme Substrate Active Site • Are Proteins that catalyze specific biochemical reactions • Substance which an enzyme acts on to produce a chemical reaction • A region on an enzyme that directly binds to a specific substrate and carries a reaction. Product • The converted substance produce by the enzyme-substrate complex. Inhibit • To prevent (inhibitor= blocks active site) Catalyst Activation energy • Increases the rate of reaction (how fast a reaction happens) without permanent chemical change. . • The amount of energy needed to undergo a specific reaction. • Enzymes are reusable (can be used over and over again) • Enzymes help reactions happen faster by (requiring less) energy for reaction to happen. • Digestive enzymes help breakdown food molecules. • ALL LIVING ORGANISMS MUST HAVE ENZYMES.

ENZYMES = PROTEINS Activation energy the amount of energy it takes to get a reaction started The red line is higher because more energy was required for the reaction without the enzyme. Enzymes LOWER the activation energy! ( the reaction requires less energy) Reactions are catalyzed (happen faster) with enzymes present. The blue line is lower because less energy was required for the reaction to occur with the enzyme.

ENZYMES ARE SUBSTRATESPECIFIC! TWO THEORIES: Lock and Key: the active site of an enzyme is precisely shaped to hold specific substrates Induced-fit: the active site and substrate don't fit perfectly together; instead, they both alter their shape to connect. To function, the enzyme needs to be the exact shape as the substrate for the reaction to occur.

FACTORS THAT IMPACT ENZYME FUNCTION Temperature p. H If the temperature is too extreme, the enzyme will denature. Changes in the p. H may affect the shape of the enzyme and may also change the shape or properties of the substrate so binding to the active site does not occur. Enzyme concentration (amount of enzyme present) Denature: permanently change the shape of the enzyme. Will no longer work! Substrate Concentration

ENZYMES Enzymes are named for the reaction they help, and often end in “ase” • sucrase breaks down sucrose • proteases breakdown proteins • lipases breakdown lipids • DNA polymerase builds DNA Notice that the end of each enzyme name says “ase. ” This will be a clue in the future to know that you’re dealing with an enzyme, and therefore, a protein!

KEY POINTS ON ENZYMES • Enzymes are substrate-specific • Enzymes are reusable • Enzymes are proteins • Each enzyme works best at a certain p. H and temperature • Enzymes can be denatured by p. H and temperature