BIOMES 1 TERRESTRIAL 2 AQUATIC Deserts15 of terrestrial

BIOMES 1. TERRESTRIAL 2. AQUATIC !

Deserts-1/5 of terrestrial environments: less than 10 in rain Desertification-transition to dry arid land, climate changes, anthropogenic!- reduced productive capacity 1. Over grazing (cultivation) 2. Fires 3. Deforestation 4. Water reduction

Tundra �Permafrost �Alpine (trees-soil draining) �Arctic (desert-like)

Chaparral �Shrubs, coastal area, hot summer, rainy winters �CA/Mediterranean/chile/coastal australia

Taiga �Coniferous Forest/Boreal Forest �Largest Land Biome �Low in Biodiversity/Low Percipitation �Open Woodlands/Dense Forests- DEFORESTATION

Temperate Deciduous Forest � 4 seasons � 1. Ground Layer 2. Herb Layer 3. Shrub Layer 4. Sapling 5. Tree Stratum

Grassland �Tropical-Savanna �Temperate-Prairies-US! �Anthropogenic-grazing

Tropical Rain Forest

Aquatic: Freshwater Marsh vs. Swamp MARSH: �Low Lying-No trees �Mouth of Rivers SWAMP �Heavily forested �Low DO water-anoxia

�Mangrove Swamps: Harsh Conditions Anoxia Coastal Saline Ecosystem Protect coast: Erosion/Hurricanes/tsunamis

Euphotic Zone: Sun-Primary Producers Phytoplankton=DO! Littoral Zone-Intertidal =Land Sea Meet: high O/Salinity Temperature/p. H/DO Dissolved Oxygen: high cold/rapids/ biodiversity Esturaries

Saltwater: Ocean UPWELLING: wind circulation of water: bring nutrient rich colder water to the top=bring in high NPP, good for fishing Phytoplankton Zooplankton Filter Feeders Predatory Fish

Saltwater: Kelp Forests �Very high NPP/biodiversity �High Algae �Temperate/Arctic Waters

Coral Reefs: Hard/Soft �Calcium Carbonate: Limestone �Surrounded by low nutrient oceans �Sensitive! Temp/acidification/runoff (increases too much nutrients-algae growth)

(usually at least 3 layers) �O Horizon-(ORGANIC) Humus: Leaf Litter (varying stages of less decomposition) �P Horizon- (ORGANIC) Peats: Distinct from O Horizons in that they form under waterlogged conditions. This layer accumulates iron, clay, aluminum and organic compounds, a process referred to as eluviations. �A Horizon- (TOPSOIL): Darker in color than deeper layers and contain more organic material, or they may be lighter but contain less clay. Most biological activitybiomantle for soil organisms usually near roots. �E Horizon- (Eluviated): Leached of mineral/organics, leaving pale layer of silicates. Present only in older, welldeveloped soils.

�B Horizon-(Subsoil)-Mineral Layers: Clay , Iron or Aluminum, or organic material which get there by leaching. “Zone of accumulation“, stronger color, roots penetrate. �C Horizon-(named b/c after A and B): This layer is little affected by soil forming processes (weathering). May contain lumps of unweathered rock. Contains the most parent material. �R Horizon- (bedrock): partially weathered rock that cannot be excavated by hand.