BIOMEDICAL WASTE BMW MANAGEMENT SHYCIL MATHEW YNC Mangalore
BIOMEDICAL WASTE (BMW) MANAGEMENT SHYCIL MATHEW YNC , Mangalore
LEARNING OBJECTIVES • At the end of the class the students will be able to ; • Define BMWM • discuss the sources of BMW • enlist the categories • enumerate color coding system • Describe the BMW management steps • explain the BMWM treatment process 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 2
What is BMW? • It is defined as “Any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals”. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 3
WHO GENERATES BMW? • Waste generated by – Healthcare facilities – Research facilities – Laboratories 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 4
HEALTHCARE WASTE CHARACTERIZATION Healthcare Waste 85% Noninfectious 3/2/2021 10% Infectious Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 5% Hazardous 5
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL WASTE Non-Hazardous Waste Biodegradable Non biodegradable 3/2/2021 Potentially Infectious Waste Dressings, swabs, laboratory wastes, instruments used in patient care. . Potentially Toxic Waste Radioactive Chemical Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management Pharmaceutical 6
Categories of Persons Exposed to Risk of Infection Patients Medical & Paramedical staff Sanitation workers 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 7
Categories of BMW CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT & DISPOSAL Category 1 Human anatomical wastes Incineration/ deep burial Category 2 Animal wastes Incineration/ deep burial Category 3 Microbiology & biotechnology waste Local autoclaving/ microwaving/incineration Category 4 Waste sharps like needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass etc Disinfection (Chemical/autoclaving/micro waving & mutilation/shredding) Category 5 Discarded Medicines & cytotoxic drugs Incineration/destruction & disposal in land fills 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 8
CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT & DISPOSAL Category 6 Soiled wastes Items contaminated with blood, body fluids including cotton, dressings etc Incineration, autoclaving, mi crowaving Category 7 Solid wastes like catheters, IV sets etc. Disinfection by chemical treatment/autoclaving/mic ro waving and mutilation & shredding Category 8 Liquid wastes Laboratory, blood banks, hospitals, house etc. Disinfection by chemicals and discharge into drains Category 9 Incineration ash Disposal in municipal land fills Category 10 Chemical wastes Chemical treatment & discharge into drains for liquid and secured land fills for solids. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 9
COLOR CODE TYPE OF CONTAINER WASTE CATEGORY TREATMENT OPTIONS Yellow Plastic bags 1, 2, 3 and 6 Incineration/deep burial Red Disinfected container/plastic bag 3, 6 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro Waving/Chemical treatment Blue/white transparent Plastic bags/puncture proof container 4&7 Autoclaving/Micro waving/chemical treatment, Destruction & shredding Black Plastic bag 5& 9 Disposal in secured land fills 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 10
Health Hazards Risk of HIV & HBV Nosocomial infections Others. . 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 11
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Precautions Medical & Paramedical staff should be vaccinated against Hepatitis B Using heavy duty gloves especially while dealing with infectious wastes Recapping needles should be discouraged. In case, if unavoidable single handed method should be used 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 13
Environment Legislation • The Air (PControl of Pollution) Act, prevention and 1981 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 • The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 • The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 • • • 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 14
Stimulation activities 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 15
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES 1998 • BMW Rules have been adopted and notified with the objective to stop the indiscriminate disposal of hospital waste/ biomedical waste and ensure that such waste is handled without any adverse effect on the human health and environment. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 16
Steps for Effective BMW Management 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 17
Conti…. • • • Waste survey Segregation Collection Storage Transport 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 18
Waste Survey Waste survey is an important component of the waste management scheme. A survey helps in evaluation both the type and quantity of waste generated in hospitals. Aims: • Differentiate the types of waste • Quantify the waste generated • Determine the points of generation & type of waste generated at each point • Determine the level of generation & disinfection within the hospital • To find out the type of disposal carried out 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 19
Segregation • Segregation refers to the basic separation of different categories of waste generated at source and thereby reducing the risks as well as cost of handling and disposal. • Segregation is the most crucial step in bio-medical waste management. Effective segregation alone can ensure effective bio-medical waste management. • The BMWs must be segregated in accordance to guidelines laid down under schedule 1 of BMW Rules, 1998. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 20
Collection • The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different types of container. • The containers/ bins should be placed in such a way that 100 % collection is achieved. • Sharps must always be kept in puncture-proof containers to avoid injuries and infection to the workers handling them. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 21
Storage Once collection occurs then biomedical waste is stored in a proper place. Segregated wastes of different categories need to be collected in identifiable containers. The duration of storage should not exceed for 8 -10 hrs in big hospitals (more than 250 bedded) and 24 hrs in nursing homes. Each container may be clearly labelled to show the ward or room where it is kept. The reason for this labelling is that it may be necessary to trace the waste back to its source. Besides this, storage area should be marked with a caution sign. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 22
Transport 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 23
Handling Devices • Trolleys • Wheelbarrows • Chutes 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 24
Treatment • • Chemical processes Thermal processes Mechanical processes Irradiation processes Biological processes Land fills Inertization 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 25
Chemical Processes 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 26
Conti… • Chemical process. Chemical waste treatment systems use a disinfectant seduction in combination with shredding to provide de contamination and disfigurement 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 27
Thermal Processes 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 28
Conti…. • Thermal process use heat to decontaminate or destroy medical waste. • Wet and dry thermal treatment • Wet: waste to high temperature and high pressure steam. [autoclave sterilization process] • Dry: 80% in volume reduced to 25 to 35 % in weight 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 29
Mechanical Processes 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 30
Conti… • Mechanical process- is used to change the physical form or characteristics of the waste, wither to facilitate waste handling or to process the waste in conjunction with other treatment steps. Two primary mechanical processes are compaction and shredding 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 31
CONTI…. • . compaction involves compressing the waste into containers to reduce its volume. Shredding which also includes granulations, grinding pulping and the like is used to break the waste into smaller pieces 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 32
Irradiation Processes • Exposes wastes to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation in an enclosed chamber. These systems require post shredding to render the waste unrecognizable. • Microorganisms are destroyed By the action of microwave frequency about 2450 MHz. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 33
Biological Processes • Using biological enzymes for treating medical waste. It is claimed that biological reactions will not only decontaminate the waste but also cause the destruction of all the organic constituents so that only plastics, glass, and other inert will remain in the residues. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 34
Land fills • Sanitary landfills • Inertization : mixing waste with cement and other substances before disposal inorder to minimize the risk of toxic substances contained in the waste migrating to surface water or ground water. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 35
Mixture • • 65 % pharmaceutical waste 15% lime 15% cement 5% water 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 36
DO’s & DONT’s 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 37
Conclusion • We need innovative and radical measures to clean up the distressing picture of lack of civic concern on the part of hospitals and slackness in government implementation of bare minimum of rules, as waste generation particularly biomedical waste imposes increasing direct and indirect costs on society. • The challenge before us is to scientifically manage growing quantities of biomedical waste that go beyond past practices. 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 38
Evaluation • BMW and handling rule established in India …. . ? • What is the Color coding system of BMW management ? • Which are the categories of hospital waste ? 3/2/2021 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 39
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