BIOMEDICAL DEVICES A MULTIINTERDISCIPLINARY SUBJECT Effective treatments of

BIOMEDICAL DEVICES A MULTI/INTER-DISCIPLINARY SUBJECT Effective treatments of patient health problems are often limited by devices, technologies and medications currently available. Breakthroughs are needed! Biology, chemistry and physics inform both medicine and engineering. Engineering applies controlled experimentation and physical-mathematical modeling to conceptualize, design, fabricate and lab-test prototype devices. Collaborations with industry lead to the development, fabrication and clinical testing of ‘final’ human-compatible biomedical devices. The work requires multi/interdisciplinary teams of specialists working collaboratively to generate (i) devices that cure disease and save lives and, possibly, (ii) valuable intellectual property.

PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION • Provide some examples of ongoing biomedical device work in engineering • Motivate medical and engineering folks to seek each other out to: – Identify and analyze the limitations and grand challenges facing medicine and/or engineering in order to make needed breakthroughs together – Identify and resolve any barriers or impediments to productive collaborations – Identify and seek funding in support of research collaborations – Collectively approach the SEAS and So. M administration for strong support of these efforts

UVa Artificial Heart Project Houston Wood, Paul Allaire, Alex Untaroiu hwood@virginia. edu University of Virginia Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

UVa Artificial Heart Project Houston Wood, Paul Allaire, Alex Untaroiu Project Objective Design a compact, axial flow Ventricular Assist Device with magnetically levitated impeller Aorta Øphysiological pressures and flow rates Ø suitable in size for implantation RV LV Ø streamlined, unobstructed flow path Ø minimal propensity for red blood cell damage (low hemolysis) Ø reduced likelihood of blood stagnation - coagulation (thrombosis) Left Ventricular Assist Device

George T. Gillies, Joseph A. C. Humphrey • Biophysical Modeling of Flows within the Brain School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia gtg@virginia. edu, jach@virginia. edu

Blood Flow By-Pass Catheter Humphrey and Gillies in collaboration with Drs. L. Gimple and M. Ragosta Applications: (i) thrombi (PVD) (ii) restenosis (iii) plaque passivation (iv) improved imaging Schematic shows two renderings of a double-lumen bypass device designed to divert the flow of blood (red) approaching a thrombus or other lesion (purple) while dispensing a stream with medication (blue) to a thrombus (or other lesion) at controlled flow rates independently of the flow of blood.

Blood Flow By-Pass Catheter Humphrey and Gillies in collaboration with Drs. L. Gimple and M. Ragosta Ultimate objective is the ‘on-the-spot’ fabrication of catheters using a research methodology that combines: (i) geometrically- and dynamically-scaled experiments (ii) computational fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer (iii) genetic algorithms for randomly-guided optimization (iv) micro-fabrication techniques to evolve optimal, patient-specific devices

Novel Access Device for Femoral Artery Catheterization Michael Ragosta, M. D. – Concept and Clinical Need Scott Lim, M. D. – Design Guidance Srijoy Mahapatra, M. D. – Design Oversight George T. Gillies, Ph. D. – Prototype Development SOM-Cardiology/SEAS-MAE Problem: Percutaneous puncture of femoral artery is inexact and may result in access of a side branch potentially leading to a complication. Potential solution: Need a method to allow an injection of contrast while maintaining a method to introduce a guide wire and the system should be small enough so that repositioning the needle will be easy and not cause bleeding Concept to prototype time: 6 weeks! Device fabricated using only FDA-approved components.

Counter-Current Fluid-Fluid Flows Mixer C 2 F 3 M Humphrey (in collaboration with Landers’ lab, Chemistry) On demand mixing: Two counter-flowing streams meet in the open space between a pair of separation plates where they split in the presence of pressure and shear forces that induce good mixing. This mix-and-split feature of the single unit has been built into a multi-unit prototype mixer. Applications range from small (sub-mm) to large (dm) devices.

Counter-Current Fluid-Fluid Flows Mixer C 2 F 3 M Humphrey (in collaboration with Landers, Chemistry) Entering clear stream (bottom channel) Entering dyed stream (top channel) Exiting mixed streams

Gregory J. Gerling, Ph. D Assistant Professor Department of Systems & Information Engineering University of Virginia gregory-gerling@virginia. edu General Research Interests: • Computational neuroscience for understanding touch • Human-computer interaction for medical simulation and training (design, prototyping, evaluation) • Human performance modeling • Decision support systems and automated control • Biomechanics, sensory rehabilitation and restoration

Virginia Prostate Exam Simulator with Dr. Marcus Martin, Emergency Medicine & Reba Moyer Childress, Nursing Our central premise is that simulators, to be useful, must monitor and provide feedback on trainees’ technique, facilitate the training experience via augmented feedback, and utilize a range of graded practice scenarios that accurately reflect disease progression. Design Requirement Posterior section Basic Elements of Physiologically Accurate Anatomy Rectal Wall Accurate Prostate Size/Stiffness Entire Range of Disease States Multiple Scenarios Reconfigurable Graded Technique Feedback Performance Simulators with Corresponding Disease State Representations Simulator Normal Prostate Prostatitis BPH No Cases One Case Normal state No Cases Nasco (with torso) One Case Normal state No Cases Nasco (without torso) Virginia Prostate Examination Simulator (VPES) One Case Normal state Four Cases Left lobe only inflamed Right lobe only inflamed Left lobe and center inflamed Right lobe and center inflamed Prostatitis with cancer (34 scenarios) Carcinoma Three Cases, 3 Scenarios Under skin tumor Small tumor on the outside of skin Entire prostate is cancerous Two Cases BPH only BPH with early cancer nodule Three Cases, 3 Scenarios Early cancer in normal prostate Early cancer in hyperplastic prostate Late invasive cancer Four Cases Left and right lobes inflamed with sulcus intact, no tumors Mild inflammation with sulcus mostly obliterated, no tumors Left and right lobes inflamed with sulcus mostly obliterated, no tumors BPH with cancer (17 scenarios) Three Cases, 96 Scenarios Single tumor cases of 4 different sizes Multiple tumors of different sizes Entire prostate is cancerous 62 different cancer scenarios No tumors on the outside of skin, this is not necessary to replicate

Simulation Framework for Training Chest Tube Insertion Using Virtual Reality and Force Feedback with Dr. Marcus Martin, Emergency Medicine & Reba Moyer Childress, Nursing • Simulation of the chest tube insertion procedure – Utilizes force feedback – Teaches cognitive tasks and info management – 18 procedural steps broken into 6 major tasks – Status / Navigation Aids Post performance report

Secure Mobile Computing Using Biotelemetrics Ben Calhoun (ECE), Travis Blalock (ECE), and Alfred Weaver (CS) • Goal: develop a low-power integrated circuit with a biometric sensor, microcontroller, and radio • Chip attaches to body like a Band-Aid • Collects biometric data, performs some local processing, and transmits data over a wireless channel to a mobile device, e. g. , PDA or laptop • Initially we are using a heart rate sensor, Bluetooth, and an HP i. PAQ PDA • Ultimately the chip will be powered using energyscavenging from the body, and will support additional sensors • We will be able to export the biometric signal over the Internet—securely—to anywhere in the world • Prototype using discrete logic is currently operational • First IC expected spring 2008