Biome Review and MORE Aquatic Biomes Estuaries Semi
Biome Review and MORE!!!
Aquatic Biomes § Estuaries § Semi – enclosed areas where rivers flow into the ocean. § Because rivers carry a large amount of sediments and nutrients, they are extremely fertile areas. Oysters, young fish, crabs and more thrive here.
aquatic biome a biome that includes all organisms that live within fresh water or salt water § Freshwater these habitats include ponds, streams, lakes, rivers and wetlands; they are called “freshwater” because of the low amount of salt In the water § Lakes large bodies of water that are surrounded by land § Ponds small bodies of water that are surrounded by land
Lake zonation § § § Littoral- closest to shore Limnetic- open water Euphotic- area under water that receives light § Benthic- bottom
§ WETLANDS large areas of shallow water; also known as swamps § STREAMS small bodies of freshwater moving in one direction § Rivers large bodies of freshwater moving in one direction § Marine saltwater habitats § Oceans the largest marine biome in the world
Oceanic Zones Zone Description Aphotic Depths where less than 1% of light can reach Benthic Lowest level of a body of water Disphotic Zone that is dimly lit and does not have enough light to carry out photosynthesis Neritic From low tide to the edge of the continental shelf, well oxygenated due to photosynthesis Oceanic Open sea Euphotic Depth of water exposed to sunlight in open ocean.
§ Intertidal Zone § An area of the ocean between the hightide mark and the low-tide mark. § Always changing with the tides, so organisms living here must be able to adapt rapidly. Sand dollars, sea gulls, barnacles, hermit crabs, and more thrive in this biome.
§ Neritic Zone § Near-shore part of the ocean that extends out over the continental shelf. § Relatively stable, it is teaming with life. Coral reefs are found here, homes for corals, seaweeds, fish, starfish, sharks, sponges, octopi, and more.
Land Biomes § Tundra § Cold, dry, mostly treeless land biome that encircles the Arctic Ocean. § Most of the soil remains frozen year round so plants, such as grasses, mosses and small shrubs, are short plants with shallow roots. Animals are adapted to survive long winters and short breeding seasons. Lemmings, caribou, polar bears, and various birds and insects live here.
§ Temperate Deciduous Forest § A biome with a temperate climate and is characterized by deciduous trees. § Trees that drop their leaves each year. Some of these trees include oaks, hickories, and elms. There is a large variety of tree-dwelling species, such as woodpeckers, squirrels, and owls.
§ Tropical Rain Forest § Warm, wet biomes that have more biodiversity than any other ecosystem in the world. § More than 100 different kinds of trees can be found. Thousands of different species of birds, bats, insects, monkeys. All of these species are able to live directly or indirectly off of the wide variety of plant life.
§ Grasslands § Biomes in which the main types of plants are grasses. § Soil is usually deep and fertile, but the climate is often too dry to support a forest. Animals such as bison, antelope, gophers, rabbits.
§ Desert § Dry environments that generally receive less than 25 cm of rain annually. § Some support no plant life at all, others support cacti and other water-conserving plants. Lizards, snakes, spiders, scorpions, camels and jack rabbits can be found here.
Which of the following organisms would most likely live in an estuary? § § A. coral B. shark C. oyster D. sand dollar
Which of the following organisms would most likely live in an estuary? § § A. coral B. shark C. oyster D. sand dollar
Which kind of environment would cacti most likely be found in? § § A. hot, dry environment B. hot, wet environment C. cold, dry environment D. cold, wet environment
Which kind of environment would cacti most likely be found in? § § A. hot, dry environment B. hot, wet environment C. cold, dry environment D. cold, wet environment
Which of the following organisms would most likely live in a grassland environment? § § A. moose B. gorilla C. squirrel D. prairie dog
Which of the following organisms would most likely live in a grassland environment? § § A. moose B. gorilla C. squirrel D. prairie dog
What kinds of organisms would be found living in a tundra? § A. organisms that are adapted to live in the cold § B. organisms that are adapted to live at high altitudes § C. organisms that are adapted to live in wet conditions § D. organisms that are adapted to live in sunny conditions
What kinds of organisms would be found living in a tundra? § A. organisms that are adapted to live in the cold § B. organisms that are adapted to live at high altitudes § C. organisms that are adapted to live in wet conditions § D. organisms that are adapted to live in sunny conditions
Which of the following organisms would most likely live in a temperature deciduous forest? § § A. cactus B. palm C. maple tree D. banana tree
Which of the following organisms would most likely live in a temperature deciduous forest? § § A. cactus B. palm C. maple tree D. banana tree
Why are trees not able to grow in most grasslands? § § A. the climate is too dry B. the climate is too wet C. the climate is too cold D. the climate is too warm
Why are trees not able to grow in most grasslands? § § A. the climate is too dry B. the climate is too wet C. the climate is too cold D. the climate is too warm
Writing FRQ’s- WRITE ON PINK… LOOK AT GREEN § Each sentence that you write (or most) should be composed in the format § Which…therefore…that § Practice: Do cigarettes cause cancer? § Don’t bullet, write full sentences!! § Start with the one you know LEAST about and write SOMETHING § Work your way to the one you know most about so you don’t run out of TIME!! § If questions asks for 2, only GIVE 2!! § Don’t write an intro sentence…JUST ANSWER THE QUESTION!!
TROUBLE AREAS… § CONNECTIONS § Example: Eutrification: when runoff of nutrients from fertilizers increases nutrients in water systems like ponds increases algae growth DECAY lowers Dissolved Oxygen
Example: § Global Warming: when increased burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide above normal amounts of thermal heat is trapped in the troposphere and less C is stored in water as water temperatures increase global temperatures rise and water gets more acidic as carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) forms in water
GHG review § The major greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. § These gases have always been present in the earth’s troposphere in varying concentrations. § GHG’s absorb and emit radiation
Effects of Higher CO 2 Levels on Photosynthesis § Increased CO 2 in the troposphere can increase plant photosynthesis (PS) but: § The increase in PS would slow as the plants reach maturity. § Carbon stored by the plants would be returned to the atmosphere as CO 2 when the plants die. § Increased PS decreases the amount of carbon stored in the soil. § Tree growth may temporarily slow CO 2 emissions in the S. Hemisphere but is likely to increase CO 2 emissions in the N. Hemisphere.
OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE § Less ozone in the stratosphere allows for more harmful UV radiation to reach the earth’s surface. § The ozone layer keeps about 95% of the sun’s harmful UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface. § Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) have lowered the average concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere. § Refrigerator coolant § Aerosol cans
Ozone Depletion summary § UV light hits a CFC breaking off a chlorine atom § The chlorine atom attacks an Ozone molecule (O 3) § The chlorine breaks apart the ozone making O 2 and Cl. O § A free O atom pulls the O off the Cl. O to put Cl back in the atmosphere to destroy more ozone.
Math- Dimensional Analysis and Scientific Notation § § PRACTICE!! 3 X 103= M X M= M 3/m=
Some formulas… § Crude Birth Rate= # of live births/1000 § Crude Death Rate= # of deaths/1000 § Usually asks per 10, 000 § DON’T FORGET TO DIVIDE BY 10 § Growth Rate (r)= (B+I) –(D+E) Total pop. § Rule of 70= 70/r (as a percent) OR 0. 70/r (as a decimal)
Some pollutants Pollutant Origin Location Environm ental impact Human health Formalde hyde Textiles, building materials Indoor air pollutant Little Neurologic Use al alternative problems Lead Paint, gas Indoor and Bioaccumu Neurologic Ban lead outdoor lation al damage Phytoreme diation (sunflower s) Outdoor and indoor CO monitors in homes, improve ventilation Carbon Incomplete monoxide combustion Creates smog (groundlevel O 3) Binds to hemoglobi n and reduces the amount of Oxygen to Preventio n Electric vehicles, improve efficiency of motor vehicles, don’t burn remediati on ventilate
Some diseases… Water Vector Non. Encephalo Respirator Blood transmissi pathy's y born ble E. coli Dengue (m) Diabetes Prion Tuberculos HIV is Cholera Lyme (t) Birth defects Bovine Influenza Dysentery West Nile (m) Neural tube Typhus Malaria (m) Cancer giardia Yellow fever (m) Emphazema Bronchitis/ asthma SARS
LD 50 (LC 50)- lethal dose (concentration) of ½ the total population § Where x = concentration of toxin § Where y= percentage deaths § Usually given in mg/Kg or µg/Kg
Helpful Hints § Economics= jobs § Encourage public education § Saying “nutrients” or “pollution” is TOO VAGUE!! § Say “nitrates, nitrites, phosphorus” or “Sox, Nox, Carbon monoxide, tropospheric ozone § Always a FRQ about § Pollution § Energy § Renewable vs. Nonrenewable vs. Perpetual Resources § What is the difference between electricity and energy?
Laws of Thermodynamics § 1 st: energy cannot be created or destroyed § 2 nd: energy conversions can NEVER be 100% without loss of some energy
Non-renewable Energy Type Description Pros Cons Clean coal Washing the coal to remove sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide Lots of coal in US Expensive to “clean” coal, cheaper to just burn Methane hydrates Found trapped under permafrost and under sea floors Could supply energy needs for 1000’s of years Methane leaks common and increase GHG’s Oil Shale- kerogen Heated (minus air)= oil Lots in US obtain through surface mining which degrades land, net energy low because energy to drill, blast, dispose of wastes, heating Tar Sands- bitumen Semisolid form of Lots in Canada that Obtain through
Nonrenewable Energy Type Description Pros Cons Oil Petroleum must be drilled. Most found in Middle East Inexpensive, easy to transport through pipes, high net energy, versatile Limited supplies, oil spills, pollution (Sox, Nox, CO 2), political problems with Mid. East Natural Gas Most in Russia, burn cleaner, found underground Easy to transport, inexpensive, high net energy, produces less pollution H 2 S and SO 2 released during processing, leakage of CH 4 has great impact on global warming Nuclear Using fissionable isotopes such as U-235 to produce energy No air pollution, water pollution low, disruption of land low Nuclear wastes take millions of years to degrade, safety concerns
Renewable Energy Type Description Pros Cons Hydroelectric Using moving water to turn a turbine to run a generator Dams control flooding downstream, low operating costs, no polluting, long life span, recreation area Flood areas behind dam, dams destroy wildlife habitats, sedimentation stops and cannot enrich land, destroys wild rivers, water loss Solar Active vs. Passive Limitless energy supply, little pollution Inefficient in some areas, maintenance is high, low efficiency Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen and oxygen move over cathodes and anodes. Waste product is water, use water to obtain hydrogen, Takes energy to produce hydrogen, expensive to
Renewable energy Type Description Pros Cons Biomass Using C-based substance (wood, manure, charcoal, bagasse, switchgrass, corn, sugarcane) to make ethanol, methanol, biodiesel Renewable IF used sustainably, biomass plantations can be located in undesirable locations, could supply half of world’s electricity Requires adequate water, fertilizer (which harm environment), expensive to transport, massive deforestation Wind Using wind to turn turbine blades to run a generator All electrical needs could be met by wind in US, wind farms quickly built, high net energy yield, no pollution Steady wind is needed, backup systems needed, interfere with bird flight patterns noise pollution Ocean waves, tidal Tides/waves spinning turbines to run a generator No pollution, low environmental impact, net yield moderate Expensive construction, few suitable sites, equipment
Renewable energy Geothermal Heat underground heating water or dry steam drive turbines Moderate net energy, limitless and reliable, little air pollution, low costs Reservoir sites scarce, noise, odor, thermal wastes degrade ecosystems, expensive to install
Vocabulary § § § Anthracite- hard coal, low sulfur content Bituminous- soft coal, high sulfur content Bitumen- tar sand (combustable organic material)
Pollution Type Source Human health Environment Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) nitric acid Fuels burned at high temps Lung irritation/damage Suppresses plant growth Ozone (O 3)smog Sun reacting with Nox and VOCs in the air Lung irritation/damage, bronchitis Damages plants, rubber, plastics PAN (Peroxyacyl nitrates) Hydrocarbons reacting with Oxygen and NO 2 with light Eye irritation Vegetation damage Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) sulfuric acid Burning coal, smelting metals Asthma, bronchitis Reduces productivity of plants Suspended Burning, building Particulate Matter materials (PM 10) Mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens Decreased sunlight reaching surface of earth Volatile Organic Respiratory Smog, ozone Paints, aerosols,
Succession Type Description Allogenic Changes in the environment making it possible for plants to grow Primary The colonization and establishment of pioneer plant species on bare ground/rock. (lichens) Progressive Communities become more complex as species diversity increases Retrogressive Environment deteriorates and results in less biodiversity Secondary Begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed but topsoil remains (forest fires)
Some Ecology Vocabulary Description Interspecific different species living in the same area interacting Intraspecific Organisms within the same species interacting Indicator species A species that indicates the overall health of an area. Ex. Frogs K strategists Have few young, must take care of young for a long time, long gestation period, Large in size R strategists Have many young, don’t take care of young at all or for a short time, short gestation period, small in size Keystone species A species that contributes to the diversity of life and whose extinction would cause the extinction of others. Ex. Grizzly bear, sea stars, sea otters, prairie dogs Endangered species Species that have low numbers, live in only a few areas around the world, have few young in their lifetime Ex. Elephants, Bengal Tiger
Survivorship Curves § Type I (man)/Late Loss: reproduce early in life, low mortality at birth, high probability of surviving to advanced age § Type II (birds)/Constant Loss: individuals in all age categories die at constant rate, predation main form of death § Type III (oysters)/Early Loss: death early in life, have lots of offspring
Why has population continued to rise? § More food due to GE § Improvements in medical treatments and technology § Improvement in sanitation and personal hygiene § Safer water supplies
Replacement Level Fertility vs. Total Fertility Rate § RLF § About 2 in developed countries § Greater than 2 for developing countries due to infant mortality rate § TFR § World average 2. 59
Soil Erosion Type Description Sheet Soil moves off as a horizontal layer Rill Fast-flowing water cuts small channels in the soil Gully Extreme case of rill erosion, channels increase in size and depth Desertification Productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by at least 10% due to human activity or climate change Salinization Water not absorbed by soil, evaporates leaving salts on topsoil Waterlogging Saturation of soil with water raising the water table
Reasons for Soil Erosion § Cultivating land inappropriately § Monoculture § Row cropping § Overgrazing § Improper plowing § Burning native vegetation § Deforestation § Construction
Effects of Soil Erosion § § Destroys soil profile Decreases water holding capacity Increases soil compaction Soil quality decreases as soil is taken away § Droughts
Types of Rocks § Igneous- formed by cooling and classified by silica content. Found deep underground (granite) § Metamorphic- formed by intense heat and pressure (diamond, marble, slate) § Sedimentary- formed by piling and cementing of various materials in lowlying areas (fossils formed here)
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