BIOMASS STOVES IN DWELLINGS INTERPLAYS BETWEEN FUEL USE

BIOMASS STOVES IN DWELLINGS: INTERPLAYS BETWEEN FUEL USE & TECHNOLOGY PELLET STOVE DESIGN CHALLENGE 2016 BROOKHAVEN, NEW YORK, USA *Ricardo L. Carvalho 1, 2, Ole M. Jensen 1, Luís A. Tarelho 2, Estela D. Vicente 2 1 Department of Energy and Environment, SBi, Aalborg University, Denmark 2 Department of Environment & Planning, CESAM, Aveiro University, Portugal

Biomass stoves in dwellings: interplay between fuel use and technology • Solid-fuel use & air pollution • Traditional installations & certified appliances • Comparing two contexts • Performance: retrofits & automation • Advanced interventions • Outcomes

Solid-fuel use & air pollution Residential wood heating is a major source of PM in Europe In cold areas, heating requires more fuel than cooking during atmospheric inversions!

Traditional installations & certified appliances © Carvalho, 2013 Heating and cooking using wood/coal in Spain, Galician cast-iron stove, 2013 Recreational wood heat in Europe Open fire, 2016

Traditional (22 Mo) & certified appliances (41 Mo) © Carvalho, 2013 Rural Areas Mediterranean High loads 2 -4 kg/h Primary Mediterranean High loads EN ecolabel Portugal © Solzaima, 2016 Heating and cooking in Spain, Galician cast-iron stove, 2013 Heating winter in Spain. Portugal Insert, 2016 Secondary Nordic Low loads All over Europe Wide range loads 1 -6 kg/h Ecolabel swan Recreational wood heat in Europe Open fire, 2014 Heating and cosiness , winter in Denmark, 2014

Comparing two contexts Portugal Denmark ~1. 5 Mo installations ~0. 7 Mo installations 2% 6% Fireplace 18% 19% Old closed (pre-1990) 43% 20% New closed (1990 -2005) Old closed (pre-1990) 37% New closed (1990 -2005) Modern (post 2005) 19% Boilers and cookers 35. 342 TJ/primary heat 11 kt PM 2. 5 C. Gonçalves et al. Inventory of fine particulate organic compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 50, 297 -306, 2012. Fireplace 36% Modern (post 2005) Boilers and cookers 31. 190 TJ/secondary heat ~30% pellet boilers/stoves! 17 kt PM 2. 5 Danish Centre for Energy and Environment, 2013.

Performance: retrofits & automation Simulating real-world emissions Ecodesign requirements, ANNEX III; 4. a (2) Ecodesign requirements, ANNEX III; 4. a (3) 12 Pa Natural draft (2) Dilution tunnel at Univ. of Aveiro Dilution rate/25 -35 Portugal, 2015 © Carvalho, 2014 (3) Dilut. tunnel in a testing setting (NS 3058) Denmark, 2010

Performance: retrofits & automation Laboratory & field studies Laboratory tests 3 installations Pitot Testo 512 TCR/Tecora 6 ms-1/2. 3 m 3/h FTIR Gasmet CX 4000 Flow meter Kurz 155 © Tarelho, 2015 Gaseous (mg/Nm 3) 13% O 2 Particulate (g/kg. F) emissions Thermal efficiency (%) Wattage output (k. W) Iberic rural house Pellet stove (EN 14785: 2008), 2016

Performance: retrofits Operation of wood stove (B) & heat recovery Stove B B+Chimney pre-heating

Performance: retrofits & automation CO emissions (mg/Nm 3) Gaseous (CO and TOCs) emissions (N=3) 6000 800. 00 5000 700. 00 600. 00 4000 500. 00 3000 400. 00 CO 13%O 2 (mg/Nm 3) 300. 00 200. 00 1000 pla Fire . 6 Ecodesign (mg/Nm 3) 100. 00 0 (1 ce A TOC 13%O 2 (mg. C/Nm 3) 0. 00 ) kg/h od Wo . 6 sto (2 ve B ec B+S ) kg/h ond a ir ry a (2. 4 ) kg/h ate -he re B+P ir da le Pel (1. 4 ve t sto ) kg/h /h 1 kg . C (1 lus) -p ; EN ve C sto llet ; lo g/h k (1. 7 cal) Pe The European Comission, “Implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for solid fuel local space heaters, ” Off. J. Eur. Union, pp. 1– 19, 2015. ANNEX II

Performance: automation Thermal efficiency and PM emissions (N=3) 100 12. 00 90 Thermal efficiency (η) 80 10. 00 70 η (%) PM 2. 5 (g/kg. F) 8. 00 60 50 6. 00 40 Ecodesign η (%) Ecodesign (g/kg) Heat output (k. Wth) 4. 00 30 20 2. 00 10 0 lace Firep A( 0. 00 cal) lus) g/h) 2. 4 k 1. 4 k 2. 6 k EN-p g/h; lo ; ( ( ( k h r r / i i B 7 g a a. k 1 ve ary ated (1. 1 e. C( d sto More inorganic matter… cond e-he ve C Woo t stov o t e l s l B+Se B+Pr t e e P l l e P g/h) 1. 6 k E. D. Vicente, M. A. Duarte, L. A. C. Tarelho et al, “Particulate and gaseous emissions from the combustion of different biofuels in a pellet stove, ” Atmos. Environ. , vol. 120, pp. 15– 27, 2015.

Advanced interventions Field investigations CO, TVOCs variations Particles size ranges PM 2. 5 temp/RH CPC/temp-RH (UFP) variations outdoors CPC/temp-RH (UFP) variations indoors Low energy house in Oslo, Norway Foto by Barbosa, 2014 R. L. Carvalho et al, “Wood-burning stoves in low-carbon dwellings, ” Energy Build. , vol. 59, pp. 244– 251, 2013.

Advanced interventions Emerging devices Aduro smart response, Denmark Manual Hwam auto-pilot, Denmark Digital

Old Smart control Area~120 -400 m 2 35 >50% supply Primary heat! Smart control Langhus (2011) 40 Skandenborg (2011) 20 Overheat Lasby (2008) 25 Esrum (2009) Esrum I (2009) Værloese (2008) Virum (2007) Ringsted (2006) Hillerød (2001) Bagsværd (1998) Værløse II (1985) Espergaede (1977) Net thermal energy production (MWh) Advanced interventions Overheating & energy savings 45 Other heating systems 30 Overheat 15 10 5 0 Manual ca. intake out New

Advanced interventions ”Draft design” & variations on IAQ #/cm 3 digital Old chimney & Indoor intake manual New envelope & Indoor intake Background New houses & Outdoor intakes Lightning Refilling Time (hours)

Outcomes & further work Household wood-heating interplays TRADITIONAL ”smouldering” IMPROVED ”burning with flames” ADVANCED ”ash & oxidative” High losses Mid losses/wattage Low losses/wattage Eg. Europe Eg. Southern EU Eg. Scandinavia New testing approaches of the actual interplays are recommended to support innovation and air quality management processes…

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