Biomass Biofuels Technology Biomass technology today serves many

Biomass & Biofuels

Technology • Biomass technology today serves many markets that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly reduces their use • Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and other products. • Primary focus of the Biomass Program – development of advanced technologies.

Current Focus • Platform technologies • Sugar Platform Technology • Thermochemical Platform Technology

Bio-refinery • A facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. • Analogous to today's petroleum refineries • It is based on the “Sugar Platform“ and the “Thermochemical Platform“

Bio-diesel • Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable oil with alcohol. • Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease. • Directly substituted for diesel either as neat fuel or as an oxygenate additive

Modified Waste Vegetable Fat • Designed for general use in most compression ignition engines. • The production of MWVF can be achieved in a continuous flow additive process. • It can be modified in various ways to make a 'greener' form of fuel

E-Diesel • Uses additives in order to allow blending of ethanol with diesel. • Ethanol blends of 7. 7% to 15% and up to 5% • Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel from separating at very low temperatures or if water contamination occurs.

Jatropha • Biodiesel from Jatropha • Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil is extracted • The oil is processed and refined to form bio-diesel.

Gasification Technology • Gobar gas Production • Biogas • Synthesis gas

Gasification • A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to convert materials directly into a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. • Gasification technologies rely four key engineering factors 1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygen or air content). 2. Reactor design. 3. Internal and external heating. 4. Operating temperature.

Gasification • Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based materials, and organic materials. • The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a gasifier. • The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, and either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environment within the gasifier.

Raw Materials for Gasification

Gasification • Products of gasification : * Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas). * Hydrocarbon liquids (oils). * Char (carbon black and ash). • Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume) and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and methane

Gasifier Plant

Gasifier Plant

Types of Gasifiers • Updraft Gasifier

Types of Gasifiers • Downdraft Gasifier

Types of Gasifiers • Twin-fire Gasifier

Types of Gasifiers • Crossdraft gas producers

Gobar gas • Gobar gas production is an anaerobic process • Fermentation is carried out in an air tight, closed cylindrical concrete tank called a digester

Wood • Domestic heating with wood is still by far the largest market for bio-energy • Dramatic improvements of technology in domestic heating equipment • Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and pellet stoves. • Pourable wood-based fuel is also available

Woodchip boilers

Environmental Concerns • Air Pollution • Soil Deterioration

Air Concerns • Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors o Increase in Nox emissions • Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful • Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens • Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter

Soil Concerns • Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients • Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow • Reduced land availability for cattle grazing • Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops contaminate ground and surface water o Affects fish and wildlife

Environmental Benefits • Reduction of waste • Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels • Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle • Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity

Socio-Economic Benefits • Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian communities • Increase in jobs • Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources

BIO FUELS THE WORLD SCENARIO

BRAZIL • World leader in production and export of ethanol. • Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200, 000 barrels of gasoline. • 24% blend ethanol mandatory. • Competitiveness • Bio diesel initiatives underway

U. S. A. • • Ethanol : a big boost to economy E 85 sells cheaper than gasoline Currently production aimed at 4. 5 Billion gallons/yr MTBE phased out in many states • Soya bean main source of biodiesel

E. U. • • • Rapeseed main source of bio diesel 3 -15% blended petrol France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

The Significant Others • China: 3 rd largest producer of ethanol producing 220, 000 tons of ethanol, exporting 90, 000 tons in 2000. • In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as a significant fuel source • Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilotscale production from palm oil.

India • Sources of ethanol: • Sugarcane • Molasses • Agricultural waste • Low average cost of Rs. 18/litre projected • Annual production capacity of 1. 5 Billion litres

India (Contd. ) • Sources of biodiesel: • Honge • Jatropha • High capital, broad scale production plan initiated • Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

Bio Mass • Biomass already supplies 14 % of the world’s primary energy consumption. On average, biomass produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing countries. • USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around 9000 MW • INDIA is short of 15, 000 MW of energy and it costs about 25, 000 crores annually for the government to import oil.

• Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste. • Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas • Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s capable of producing. • Fertilizers as by product. • Average electricity generation of 5. 5 k. Wh per cow per day!!

Thank You