Biology Topic 3 Review Phylogenic tree Dichotomous Keys

Biology Topic 3 Review

Phylogenic tree

Dichotomous Keys • Used to identify organisms • Paired set of questions with two choices

Levels of Organization

Binomial Nomenclature • • Two word naming system Scientific name Uses Genus and Species names Ex. Dogs: Canis familiaris

Three Domains • Archaea: Prokaryotes/live in harsh environments – Cell wall made polysaccharides • Bacteria: Prokaryotes – Can preform photosynthesis – Cell wall made of peptidoglycan • Eukaryota: Eukaryotes – – Protista Fungi: cell wall chitin Plantae: cell wall cellulose Animalia

Protists • Unicellular/Multicellular Eukaryotes • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic • Can preform photosynthesis

Plants • • Multicelluar eukaryotes Autotrophs Preform photosynthesis Cell wall made of Cellulose

Fungi (Decomposers) • Multicellular eukaryotes (yeast are the only unicellular fungi) • Heterotrophs • Cell wall made of Chitin

Animals • Multicellular eukaryotes • Heterotrophs

Plants • Plant cell structure – cell walls, large vacuole, chloroplasts • Photosynthesis • Meristem: region of cell division which produces growth in plants

Stomata

4 Divisons 1) Nonvascular – no true roots/stems/leaves – ex) mosses (Bryophytes) 2) Seedless vascular plants – Ferns 3) Vascular with seeds in cones – Gymnosperms (pines, fir, spruce) 4) Vascular with seeds in fruits – Angiosperms – flowering plants

Plants • Types of Vascular Tissue A) Xylem – transports water from roots to leaves -by capillary action/transpiration pull through cohesion and adhesion B) Phloem – transports sugars from leaves to roots

Gymnosperms • Non-flowering vascular plants • Reproduce with cones that contain seeds • Ex. Conifers (pine trees)

Angiosperms • Flowering vascular plants • Flower is main reproductive organ • Seeds are enclosed within a fruit • Ex. Deciduous plants

Angiosperms

Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis • Plant cells • Contains the pigment chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis • Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen • H 2 O+CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6+O 2 • Occurs in the chloroplast

Autotrophs • Plants, some protist and some bacteria that contain chlorophyll use light energy from the sun to produce food (glucose).

Photosynthesis • The process used by producers to convert sunlight to chemical energy in glucose • Overall equation: – 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 • Chloroplasts are the cellular site of photosynthesis. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs on the inner membrane called the thylakoid. The dark reaction (aka Calvin Cycle) occurs in the stroma • Pigments absorb light energy – Chlorophyll

Photosynthesis Light Reaction Dark Reaction • Input: – Light and water • Output: – Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH – CO 2, ATP, NADPH • OUTPUT: – Glucose.

Chlorophyll does not absorb light within the green region of the spectrum. Green light is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green.

Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food to release its energy. -This energy is then stored in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) • C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 38 ATP • Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic • Every living thing preforms Cellular Respiration!!!!

ATP • Energy storing molecule (ATP) • Can be used for quick energy by the cell converted to ADP – releasing energy • Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

ATP • ATP/ADP cycle – when energy is needed for cell work ATP loses a phosphate to become ADP and P -ATP: Stores energy -ADP: Release energy • Main product of Cellular Respiration is ATP

Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis is the first step of both forms of respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm – Break down of glucose

Cellular Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic • O 2 required • Occurs in the mitochondria • most organisms are aerobes • 38 ATP • Reactants: Glucose + O 2 • Products: H 2 O+CO 2 + ATP • NO O 2 • yeast/bacteria • 2 ATP • Reactants: Glucose 2 types of Fermentation -alcoholic: product ethanol and CO 2 -lactic acid: product lactic acid ex: muscle cells

Mitochondria Singular: Mitochondrion • “Powerhouse” of the cell • Produces energy in the form of ATP • Site of Aerobic respiration

Polarity • What is Polar – A water molecule, because of its shape, is a polar molecule. That is, it has • one side that is positively charged and one side that is negatively charged.

Polarity • Water does not mix with NON-POLAR molecules • Polar and polar substance can dissolve in water. Ex: Salt and water

Cohesion and Adhesion • Cohesion- water sticking to itself. Adhesion- water sticking to something else. • Influenced by Polarity!!!!!

Capillary Action • Pulling of water up…. Adhesion and Cohesion – Water is transported in plants through both cohesive and adhesive forces; these forces pull water and the dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant by capillary action and transpiration pull.

Surface Tension • The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension. – Cohesion holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water.

Density of Ice • Ice floats in water because it less dense than water thanks to a special kind of chemical bonding known as hydrogen bonding. -This is what keeps lakes from freezing solid!!!!!

High Heat Capacity • Water's high heat capacity is a property caused by hydrogen bonding among water molecules. – Waters high heat capacity prevents water temperatures from fluctuating to quickly, preventing stress on marine organisms