Biology Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice
Biology Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Slide 3 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Monomers Polymers Slide 4 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: • carbohydrates • lipids • nucleic acids • proteins Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates? Source of Energy Structure Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Building a monosaccharide • Let’s Build!! – Build a glucose and a fructose molecule Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides -1 simple sugar (ex: glucose) Disaccharides – 2 simple sugars JOINED together (ex: lactose) Polysaccharides - 3 or more simple sugars JOINED together in a long chain (ex: starch) Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen Starch Glucose Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Dehydration Synthesis • How are two monosaccharides joined together to form a polymer? – DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (TO REMOVE WATER) (TO MAKE/CREATE) Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Dehydration Synthesis • Let’s Build!! • At your table – join the two glucose molecules that you made during your DO NOW time. • Be sure to be removing the correct atoms from each molecule. Glucose + Glucose Maltose Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Lipids are generally not soluble in water. Contain mostly Carbon and Hydrogen Contain some Oxygen The common categories of lipids are: Fats oils waxes Steroids: serve as chemical messengers Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Lipids How are Lipids formed? Fatty Acid Tail Glycerol Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated • No double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tail • Holds the most H atoms possible Unsaturated • Has at least one double bond between two carbons in the fatty acid tail • Does NOT hold as many Slide 16 of 37 H atoms as possible End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Contains: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus. Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: • a 5 -carbon sugar • a phosphate group • a nitrogenous base Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ribonucleic acid (RNA): • Sugar is RIBOSE deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Sugar is DEOXYRIBOSE Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • polymers of molecules called amino acids. Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Proteins Amino acids Slide 21 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. Slide 22 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Protein Molecule Amino Acids Slide 23 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Carbon Compounds Proteins Some functions of proteins: –Control rate of reactions – Enzymes –Used to form bones and muscles –Transport substances into or out of cells –Help to fight disease - antibodies Slide 24 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
2– 3 Click to Launch: Continue to: - or - Slide 25 of 37 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2– 3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a. lipids. b. monosaccharides. c. proteins. d. polysaccharides. Slide 26 of 37 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2– 3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a. fatty acids. b. monosaccharides. c. amino acids. d. nucleic acids. Slide 27 of 37 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2– 3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a. they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b. they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic. Slide 28 of 37 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2– 3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a. Animals make it and use it to store energy. b. Plants make it and use it to store energy. c. Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d. Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells. Slide 29 of 37 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2– 3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a. plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b. proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c. polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not. Slide 30 of 37 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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